i 


J\,S.BAKHESfcC0. 

New  York  ^Chicago. 


Lk.  - 


// 


THE  LIBRARY 
OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


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REHENSIVE 


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LOCAL,  J\£A.  TIIL!M:JL  TICjLL, 

Q^IIirSICA.L,  COMFARA  TJVL, 

<DLJSCIITFTTJ^M  TOnCAL, 

HISTORICAL,  and  JUSTCIUJ^T  ; 


WITH 


MAP-DRAWING    AND    RELIEF    MAPS. 


V 


By     JAMES     MONTE  ITH, 

A-tJTHOR.      OF      A.      SBR,IBS      OF      C3-JBOC3-RA.I»«IES,      I^A.FS      .A-IsIE)       C3UOBES. 


A.    S.    BARNES    &    COMPANY,    Publishers, 

NEW   YORK,   CHICAGO,   AND   NEW   ORLEANS. 


INDEX     TO     CONTENTS. 


PASS 

Africa 82-85 

Ai.Ai  AMA 35,  36,  38 

Ancient  Geographt 90, 91 

Arabia 79 

Arkansas 36, 38, '49 

Asia 76-81 

Australia 87 

ACSTBIA 70 

Belgium 67 

British   Provinces 20,21 

• 

California 44, 46-48 

Canada 20,21 

Central  America 50, 52 

China 80 

Climates 11 

Comparative  Sizes  and  Shapes  89,  104 

Connecticut 28 

Definitions 5-8 

Delaware 30 

Denmark 74 

Egypt 84 

England 61, 62 

Europe 58-75, 81 

Florida    36, 39 

France 65 

Georgia 35,  36, 37 

German  y 08,  69 

Greece 75 

Hemispheres 14, 15 

Historical  Geo.  (General).  . .  13 

Holland 67 

Illinois 35, 40-42 

India 78 


PAOK 

Indiana 35, 39-41 

Indian  Territory 48,  49 

Iowa 40-42,49 

Ireland 64 

Italy 72,  73 

Japan 81 

Kansas 44,45,49 

Kentucky 35, 39-41 

Louisiana 36, 38 

Maine 28 

Mathematical  Geography 9, 10 

Mankind 12 

Maryland 30, 33, 35 

Massachusetts 28 

Mexico 50-52 

Michigan 40, 43 

Minnesota 40,  43, 49 

Mississippi 36,  38, 49 

Missouri 40-42, 49 

Nebraska 44, 45, 49 

New  England 26-29 

New  Hampshire 28,  29 

New  Jersey 30, 35 

New  York 30-35 

Nevada 44, 46-48 

North  America 16-19 

North  Carolina 36, 37 

Norway 74 

Oceanica 86-88 

Ohio 35,39-41 

Oregon 44, 47, 48 

Palestine 79 

Pennsylvania 30, 35 

Portugal -. .... .  j^.  .j^u..  66 


rAOi 

Pronunciations 99, 100 

Prussia 68 

Races 1 2 

Rhode  Island 28 

Russia 75 

Relief  Maps — 

Africa 83 

Asia 77 

Europe 60 

North  America 18 

Neiv  England 29 

South  America 56 

United  States 35, 48,  49 

Routes  of  Travel 92-95 

Scotland 63 

Siberia 78 

South  America 54-57 

South  Carolina 35-37 

Spain 66 

Sweden 74 

Switzerland. 71 

Tables 4,  97, 102 

Tennessee 36, 38 

Territories 44 

Texas 44,  45 

Topical  Geography 53,  57,  81 

Turkey 75 

Vermont 28,29 

Virginia    30, 33-35 

West  Virginia 30, 33-35 

West  Indies 50.  53 

Wisconsin 40, 43, 49 

Worlds-Hemispheres 14 

Mercator's  Pboj'n  ...  89 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  year  1873,  hy  JAnkS  MoHTEirn,  in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


PLAN  OF  ThlE  COMPREHENSIVE  GEOGRAPl^Y. 


HIS  work  is   adapted  to  every  grade,  and   is  prepared  with  especial  reference  to  conciseness, 
simplicity,  and  that  diversity  of  presentation  which  is  so  essential  in  a  school-room. 

Owing  to  the  limited  time  which  many  scholars  can  give  to  the  study  of  Geography, 
the  author  has  endeavored  to  secure  satisfactory  results  at  the  smallest  possible  expense  in 
time  and  labor,  both  to  the  teacher  and  pupil. 

One  leading  feature  is  that  the  student  learns  all  about  o-ne  country  or  state  at  a  time — its 
Civil,  Physical,  Descriptive,  Comparative,  and  Historical  Geography;  thus  enabling  him  to  obtain 
an  uninterrupted  view  of  its  geography  in  its  several  branches,  and  to  observe  the  effects  of  climate  and 
productions  upon  the  conditions  and  pursuits  of  the  inhabitants. 

Each  division  of  the  earth's   surface  is  presented,  first,  in   regard  to  its  size,  shape,  and  position  on  the 
globe ;  then  general  questions  on  its  outline,  mountains,  rivers,  cities,  etc.,  followed  by  map-drawing  (accord- 
ing to  a  uniform  scale)  which  will  impress  firmly  upon  the  mind  all  that  has  been  mentioned  in  the  recitation. 
THE  RELIEF  MAPS,  or  bird's-eye  views  of  the   earth's   surface,  with    exercises,  lead    the   student    to    learn 
from  observation  as  well  as  study. 

THE  HISTORICAL  GEOGR/^PHY  gives  a  brief  outline  of  each  country  or  state — its  settlement,  progress,  and 
most  celebrated    rulers — sufficient  to  impress   upon  the  mind  of  the  pupil  the  connection  of  event  with    the 
place  of  occurrence,   and  to  induce  him  to  pursue  the  subject  by  reading  works  on  history  exclusively. 
COP^PARATIVE  LATITUDES  are  shown  on  the  margins  of  the  maps. 
COMPARATIVE  AREAS  are  taught    by  representing  various    states    and    countries    drawn    upon    a    common 

standard.     That  standard  is  the  State  of  Kansas,  whose  shape  and  dimensions — an  oblong,  200  by  400  miles 

are  easily  remembered. 

REFERENCE  MAPS  of  the  principal  countries  in  Europe  are   included,  but    the   exercises  refer   only  to   the 
prominent  places ;  the  names  in  fine  lettering  being  designed  only  for  reference. 

ANCIENT  GEOGRAPI^Y  is  given  in  a  brief  sketch,  with    maps    of   the    Roman    Empire,  Ancient    Italy,  and 
Ancient  Greece. 

THE  TOPICAL  GEOGRAPHY  on  pages  53,  57,  81,  and  88,  compares  the  leading  characteristics  of  one  country 
with  those  of  another,  and  serves  as  a  Review  of  the  previous  lessons,  and  for  the  examination  of  classes. 


MONTEITH'S     ELEMENTARY    GEOGRAPHY. 

TO  TEACHERS.— The  book  opens  with  a  presentation  of  a  landscape,  in  the  center  of  which  is  the  learner's  school-house.  He  is 
shown  the  points  of  the  compass  and  the  relative  positions  ol  neighboring  mountains,  lakes,  villages,  Islands,  etc.,  all  being  renresented  not  only  in  a  oic- 
ture,  but  also  on  a  map.  or  .  j' 

The  numbered  paragraphs  may  be  used  as  a  reading  lesson  before  the  lesson  in  Geography  is  heard. 

The  OBJECT  METHOD  is  pursued  so  far  as  pictures,  maps,  and  charts  can  represent  objects  ;  thus  cultit-ating  the  percepuve  or  observational 
powers  of  the  learners.  Whenever  advisable,  a  few  questions  without  answers  are  given,  so  as  to  test  the  pupil's  knowledge  of  the  subject  as  he 
advances,  and  to  give  It  a  wider  and  more  Interesting  range. 

PLACES,    ZONES,    and  their  principal  products  are  associated  on  small  special  charts. 
TT   •    PI^    ^"^    MAPS,    there  are,  besides  ihe  names  in  full  of  all  places  mentioned  In  the  lessons,  more   than  500  cities,  towns,  and  villages  in  the 
United  btates  indicated  by  numbers,  the  names  being  given  in  another  part  of  the  book,  with  their  pooulations 

COMPARATIVE    LATITUDE    Is  shown  on  the  margins  of  the  maps. 

MONTEITH'S    PICTORIAL    CHART    OF    GEOGRAPHY. 

For  the   Youngest  Children   in   Schools. 
Showing  all  the  definitions  in  Geography  In  one  grand  landscape  :— The  ocean,  bays,  rivers,  lakes,  rain,  clouds,  canals,  mines,  farms,  manufacturing 
and  commercial  towns,  etc. ;  in  fact,  a  miniature  world.     Mounted  on  rollers  for  the  class-room  wall.     Size,  40  by  52  inches. 

MONTEITH'S    GRAND    WALL-MAPi^ 

Phvsir^^"' nnil!f  S^l^r  m''""'"^""iV^°'°'/'^'  "'"""l^i  °"  .'°^^^''-     Size.  40  by  52.     World  In  Hemispheres  ;    World,  on  Mercator's  Projection  ;   World, 
Physical  ,     United  States,  Mexico  and  Canada  ;     South  America  ;     Europe  ;    Asia  ;     Africa  ;     Canaan  and  Palestine. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


POPULATION  OF  MORE  THAN  iOO  CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.' 


From   the   Census  of  1870.      *  The   star  indicates   the   Population   in    1875. 


ALABAMA. 

Mobile 3S.0»I 

MoDtKomorv.   lO.StCi 
Selma '.     6,«* 

ARIZONA. 
Tqcsod 3.SM 

ARKANSAS. 
LlIlK-  Rock       14.380 
Pin,'  Bluir  .        -iMl 
licit  Spririi;-        l.'iW 
ValiBur.li.  '.«» 


CALIFORNIA 

ll'i.  1:1 
I'.  ■_'<; 
1,1,:.. I 
lll.lWi 
9.089 
.  7.063 
.     6,391 

^    4.7:« 

.     4.5S8 

3.966 


GEORGIA. 

Savanoab  . 
.\ilauu   .   . 

.^asufu  .   . 

Macon 

Columbur*. 
.\theiif».  . . . 
Milled^vlll 

Komr   

AinrricoA. . 


Daveaport . 

Dubuque. . . 

Hmluii:ion. 
K'M.kiik  . 
Lit-  .Muiii 


DonaldbonvUle  l.b~i  Flint. 
UpvloUMir*  ..  .     1.SI6  l<an!*iUi 


Nfw  Iberia  . 


l.aB 


- 

1  r  ,r.  i-. 

vr 

k:  ui'i 
..kl.in 

ILLINOIS. 

I'liica^Ljo •:J9.*j, 

Ouiucy •.!.'>. 

Peoria *Ji'i. 

Snrlngflelil.  ••i"> 
Bioomington.  14. 

11. 

11. 

II', 


I  .r:l-^  \'alU'v 
\all,-jo....  " 
l.">  .\n"eles 
Mary^vflle  ,. 
Peta'luma  . . 
Nevada  


CONNECTICUT. 


New  Haven 

llartlord 

BildKeport  . 
N'orwich .    .    . 

Ni)r\valk 

\Vatrrbur>'--  ■ 
Stamfunl ' . . . 
New  Biiuin . 


;JT.1*> 

••ii,(«l(l 

I6,avi 
i4,ir.i 

lil.H-J'i 

9.714 
9,4!«) 


COLORADO. 


Denver 

(Vutral  City. . 


4,7ai 


\uri>ni. 
l;.>.kfonl  .    .. 
'■  •  ilesbun; 
■lacksonville, 

Mtnn   

Ik'lleville  . . . 
R(H-k  li>land. . 
Freoport   . . . . 

Oitaiva 

.loliel 

Decatur 

(ialena 

IVkin 

K.  St.  lyi.ni^  . 

1^1  Salle 

Ktinkakce. 
D.mvill.-.    ... 
Monmouth. . . 
Waukegan .   . 

Mfiline 

Dixon 

StcrliD!; 

Lilchfleld . . . . 

Warsaw 

Mi'ndota 
Canton 

Cairo 

ElL-in 


IOWA 

.••."4.SI0 

■  Ti'ai  I'laquemines. 
'.;.  S   .Naichiti>che» 

•16.450,""""'° 

uncll  BlutTK  10.()*1i  MAINE. 

.Mu-ialine  ..  6,718(porllanil  ..  .  »4.4-» 
6.1*39,  Bangor  . . . 
5.'>40|Lc\vi«ton  . 
VJW  Buldeford 
5.ai4  .Angiisla  . 
4,:i:i7:|i:it1i.  ... 
4.*t5|i{ocklana. 
4.0MH,. Auburn... 


1.47"J  Monroe., 
l.tiio  Marvliall. 
1.401  Pontiac  . 


Clint 

Cedar  Kapid 
Iowa  City. . . 
OttnlDwa  . . . 
Waterloo  , . 
Mt.  Pleasant 

Lyoiif 

Fort  Madi,<on    4,011  CaKiis. 
Sioux  City  3.4(tr  Bel  last. 


Man*lialllown 

tt..kaloosa  . .. 

Fort  D.xIge 

( 'edar  Fallf . . 

Imlependence    2,M5 1  j^li.'.'^Vek 

Wa-hington       "  ^ '■ 

Mav 


18.*t9 
IS.tWU 

lo.aw 

7,808 
7..371 
7,1171 
6,169 
5,941 
b.r.s 
3,1)07 


\^'aviTly - 
Duorafi  . 
Xnamosa 
Mcdregni 
t.'lmrilon. 


3.21!-  Uallowell 

3  -JOI 

3!on5       MARYLAND 

•'■"^Baltiinoro..     ■Jfi;.3M 

->.~.vj 

.-.,7+1 


a,.'j75 


Cuinl>crland.. 


DELAWARE. 

Wilmington..  .30.S41 
Smyrna.  ...  '2,110 
New  CaJtle  . .  1,916 
Dover 1,906 

DIST.  COLOMBIA. 

Washington.  li^.l'-Kl 
(R'orgetown.     11. .'^1 

FLORIDA. 

Jac'ksonvill.-  '11.000 

Pensacola •3,347 

TaUaluasee...  •-2,534 


INDIANA. 


Indianapoli 
KvansviUc, .. 
Fort  Wayne. . « 
Terre  Hanle  .  < 
New  Albany . 
Ijifavettc    .  . 
Mu.lison    ...    ' 
Kirhmond 
I.ogans[iori   . 
.r'Aerscinville 
Siitith  I<<'iiil 

La  Porte 

Michigan  City 
'  'eru 


•IB 
21 

'•i.: 

•19 

1". 

1,1 
•11 
ft, 
8.'. 
7,; 


*"*?llHager-iown 

|™l.*nn.,,ol,- 

\-^^  MASSACHUSETTS. 

'"■   Boston •:M1,919 

KANSAS.  Worcesti'r 

Le.ivenworth.  17.87:i  Camliridge 
Lawrence  .   .     8.:«)  F.nll  Kivc-r 

.Vtchison 7,(&4  Lawrence. 

ToiK'ka  5,790  Lvnn   

Fort  Scott  4.174  Springfleld 

Ottawa    2,941  Salem     ... 

Wvandotte. . .     2.910  New  Bedforil.  •23,876 

Emporia 2.ia8  Som.Tville.     •21.s<;s 

Chelsea 

KENTUCKY.      Tatmto,.^ 

Lonisyille...^l20.noo  Holyoke 
.  24,3ur,  Newton     . 
15.0*7  Haverhill 
14,801  Newbnryport>13.,t» 
.     6.86()!Fitchbnrg.      •12,289 
5.39()|Pitts«cld, 
4,7(bJ 

MICHIGAN. 


•49,» 
.•4».2<i.-, 
•47.8:)a 
•4.j.:tl0 
•.■M.'.IOI 
.  •:K.000 
.  •31.0-J6 
•26,00:) 


20.«l.) 
•aO.J29 
•16,751 
•16.200 
•16,1115 

14,628 


Covington      .  M.awiNcwIon •16,1115         MI<;<;OURI 

N'ewport 15.087  Haverhill    ...•14,628   ,      ,'^^,,'     ,„ 

Lexington  .       14,801  Newbnryport'13.,t»  '^t    Louis. . .  .•414,.!!n 
I'aducah.    ...     6.86()lFiichbnr"       nj  239  Kansas  City 
Frnukfort.         5.39(ii  Pittsdcld?  . . .  •I2,'267  Si.  .los^epb 
Mivsville     . .     4,7(bI  Hannibal  . 

BowliogGrecn4,.'i74       uiouir^Aiu         St.  Charles 
Henderson..     4,17li       MICMIUAN.       Ispringfleld  .. 

Owensboro . .     3,4:)7  Detroit         .♦10:1.770  SedalFa 

Verseilles...     .3.268  (iranrtRapids  16,.'a):|.lellVrson  City 


er 


Nile* 
Cold  Wat 
Hillsdale... 
Manistee. 
Wyandotte 

Owasso 

St.  Clair... 

La  Peer 

Big  Rupiiis 


.'>,:isi; 
'7,IM 
5,080 
4.ir^5 
4.867 
4,6:» 
4,:)K1 
:t.,jis 
:<.:m 
■.>.7;il 

2.IK*) 

l.7:«) 
1.772 
l.ii7 


NEBRASKA. 


SuratoLTi  Spr. 


Omaha 16,083  i^;;"  "^''■•'"°n 

Nebraska . 


NEVADA. 


«'Si  Kingston  .... 

*■'*' Flus-hing 

Longis  Cily 


7.516 
7.495 
6,31:. 
6.22:1 

3  867 


MINNESOTA. 

St.  Paul •is.u; 

Minneapolis  .  13.06li 

\N'inolia 

St,  Anthony 
Red  Wing 


Stilhvate 
Kochester. 
Mankato  . . 
Hastings. 

Duluth 

Faribault  . . 
St.  Cloud  .. 
St.  Peter 
Owatonna  , 
Au8tin. 


10.743 
5.013 
4.2WJ 
4,IJ4 
:).^1.>1 
.■!.iS2 
3.4.-W 
3.131 
3.IH5 
2, 161 
2,124 
2.070 
2.(1.39 


Virginia  7,048  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

i;"lM,'  .1       ■     i-nW  Wilmin^on     1.3,446 
1  amnion  ».aj:  Raleigh   ...    .      7,7W 

Favetieville.      4,6«ii 
NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  Ch^irlotte....    4,47:1 

Mauch.>l.-[  ..  21,5.36  _..._ 

CoiKcml  ....   12,2411  OHIO- 

^"a'l""> '"•M'S  Ciuciiinali .  •26(i 

Dover 9,291  Cleveland 

Poriamouth..    9.21 1  Tgi^do. . . 

Columbus 

NEW  JERSEY.    IMyion  . . 

ur..iB9  g«i"lu^lty 

116.(100 

:i:j57!i 


Norrlatown . 
Altoona.     , 
Wilkcsliarre 
Titueville 
Danville 
Meadville... 
L4>ckhaven. 
PiltI*tOD 

Lebanon 

Carlisle 

Columbia  .. 
Carbundale  . 


Newark. 

•lersey  Cit 

I'aterson . 

Trenton 

Klizabeth 

lloboken. 

Camden. 


ShakopeeCily  1,:J4" 


MISSISSIPPI 


Viek-biiri: 
Natchez  .... 
Columbus..    . 
.Taekson  .... 
Molly  Spruigs 

.Vberdeen 

tirenada 


12.+1.1 
9,057 
4,H12 
4.2:n 

2.022 
1.887 


<  )ninge  , , . 
Bridgetoil , 

Rjihway 

Millvilfe... 
Burlington 
Plainlleld . 

Tnion 

Harrison.. 


2.>l 
.206 
,581 
,!M5 
,617 
CrawrordavUle  3,701 


HopkinsvlUc.    .3,1.36  .lackson 

Danville 2,542  E.  Saginaw  . . 

Shelbyrillo...    2,180  .\drian 

I  Kalamazoo  . . 

.^..lAiAbiA         Saginaw 

LOUISIANA.       Ann  Arbor. 

New  ()rl.:in-.*2n3.l:illliv  City 

Baton  Knuge.     6.!M8  Miiskegon     . 
Sbreveport. . .     4,60T  Port  Ilnron. . 

Monroe l.!M9  Battle  Creek . 

Tliib,Mleani. .     l.'J22  Ypsilanti  . , .. 


ll,«7 
ll.:l")l 

8.4:h 

9.1  SI 


l.ixingtci 
t'hiUicolhe 
Macon . 


Louisiana. 
1611  Cape  Girardeau  :i..'vC 


24,432 
20..">77 
10,125 
5,570 

s.seo 

4.560 
4,120 

■l.:!73 

3,;t7s 
3.6T8 

3.6:!!l 


^  S|)ringfleld.. 
^  .jiiamilton    , . 
.s)  J-'(  Portsmouth. 
Sis:«  '^'""^^'> •"'■ 

•ki-jo-  Akron 

.i"S-'''ii"i':othc.. 

N   Brunswick  15.I6S  ^  "'  ,°"„, ,,, 


6.258 
fi.lOl 
5.811 


Miinnfield . . 

I  Newark 

Xenia 

Piaua. 


5'^IPnmeroy 


4,129 


Ironton 
Delaware . . 


Brooklyn. 
Buffalo  . . . 
Albany  . . 
Rochester 

Syracuse 
Tr 


1-^6 

U.'i.lK) 

•54,100 

•42,71,-7 

30.473 

13,000 

12.652 

11.081 

10,5!ri 

10.011 

10.006 
8,920 
8.li6l> 
S.107 
8.07.) 
S,02!i 
6.098 

6,sn 

5,967 
5,824 
5,086 
5.611 
5,455 
5,419 
5,407 
5,21s 


10,753        VERMC'NT. 
J{5-?i?  Burlington...  14,887 

'"•"J  Rutland 9.8S4 

'•™  Bennington..     2,801 
7'lu;)  ^i^rg^uues... 
6*986  IJrattleboro . . 
«^"«»         VIRGIN 
6. '27  Richmond    .. 

•-•^  Norfolk 

6. 101  ivtersbnrg. . . 
6,:)'.':i  Alexandria... 
Chamhersburg  6,:»<  I>ort^  mouth. 
New  Castle..     6.161  i.ynrlibnrg 

6,02X  \V'im,heslel^ 

5,'.«iOi.-rt.,|,.ricksliurg4.048 

5.726  Danville 3.463 

I>."1 '  Lexington  .        2.878 
S.Wlciiariunesvillc  2,838 


Johnstown 
Tamaqua'. . . 
St.  Clair.    .. 
Ashland  ... 
Westchester 


4,988 

A. 

51.038 
19.299 
18,930 
43,570 
10.492 
6,K25 
4,477 


Malianoy 5.5:«  M„,„.in.g„.r  2.Sm 

Hampton    ...  2,300 

RHODE  ISLAND.     Ilamsonburg  2.086 
Providence    •100,675 

Newport         12,521  WASHINGTON  TER. 

Walla  Walla.       1,394 

SOUTH  CAROLINA,  oi.vnpia 1.203 

Charl.-t.m..     an  ..-w.  ^'■'"'^  '•'« 

('••iiiinbia. . . 
« ;rrcii\  ilk*  . , 
(Jeori^etown 


48/ 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


TENNESSEE. 


Wheeling. . . . 
Parkersburg. 
.MartiDsburg . 
Charleston. .  . 


Memphis 40.2,11 

Nashville  . . .  .•27,:«J  Granon 


NEW  YORK.   if,r;;-n;-. 

New  York  M,24'.l,868  CirclcvUle 
•483.252|Mariella.. 
•i:«,288| 
•8I153J        OREGON 

^maS  Ponland S-'^^B 

.::,'-S  Oregon  City.     1,382 


.383 
942 
922 
861 


7.1IH 
".lUi-l 
6.l«r,> 
5,<I7:! 
5.«H 


Booneville 
Independence 
\\'arrensburg 
Palmyni  ... 
Mexico. 


.5.471 1  Pleasant  Hill. 


3.184 
2.?«.-> 

2.603 
2.554 


Troy *«•''«  DalK."  ^ 

U'f  1    ;;;;''if2,For..st  Orove 

gsw;s;;:::;.:i!;S:Kugencci,y. 

Elmfm  "■."•.  •■^Mw!  PEMSYLVANIA, 
Auburn..   ..  'r.i.UK  Philadilphia'SOO.O" 

Y'onkers 'WarJiPittsburg .. . .  86,07' 

Xewburg     .     17,0U  I  Allegheny  .      "' 

Binghamtoii . •15.486, Scrahton 

Schenectady.  '13.171  Reading 

12,426  llnrrisburg  . 

11,00ft: Lancaster. . . 

10.09:!, Erie 


Knoxville. 
Chattanooga . 

•lackeon 

Mnrfreesboro 
ClarksviUe. 

Colnmbia 

Brownsville. . 


19,2a) 
5.546 
4.M63 
3,162 
1,'.«7 
1,500 


8',6.*^  Moundsville 

6",09:) 

4,119      WISCONSIN. 


3.200 


Milwaukee. 


.,  „,,  Fond  du  Ijic 
;-5?.'  Oshkosh. 
*''*°'lRacine 


Madison  — 

TEXAS.  'Janesvilic. 

OalyestoD,...  13,818'La  *-'">"'<'•■ 

San  AntoDlo.  i2,256'\\»'ert<'»T 

Houston 9.382  Sheboygan . 

Brownsville..    4,905  Manitowoc  , 


Jefferson, 
Victoria  . . 
Brenham.. 

Laredo 

Austin 


4,'l90  <j->';n  Bay . 


Lockport . 

Rome 

West  Troy.. 

Rondont 

Ogdeiisbnrg. 
WalerloHii  . 

Hudson 

ilthaca 


10.114 
10.076 
9.336 
•8,7»4 


5.1  ISO 
:»,0»2| 
33,933 
23,l»t 
20.233 
19.646  Salt  Lake  City  12.SM  Ripon. 


UTAH. 


2!5.M  Appleton 

2  221  Befoil 

2;(>46  K«"«*'"' 

4.42--|P<"''»«'> 

I  Monroe 

Mineral  Point 
Biviver  Dam. . 


Williamsporl  16,030  Ogden 8,127  Berlin 

.\llontown  .    .  13.t«4  Provo 2,384  Prairie  dnC 

Pottsville....  12..384  Logan 1.757  Neeuab  . . 

York 11,00;)  Mt.  Pleasant.  1,.346  fJconio..   .. 

Easton ia,987.Brigham  City  1,315. Waukesha 


•10O.77.-, 

12.761 

12,633 

,     9,880 

,     9,176 

,     8,789 

•10,596 

7,550 

5,310 

6,188 

4.066 

4.618 

4,396 

4..309 

8,»16 

8,408 

8;ns 

iJtB 
2,9!» 
2,TT7 
ICD2.700 
.  2.(HS 
.  2.6.'i5 
.     2,633 


AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES,  1870. 


STATES  *  TERBITOBIM.        ^™Um. 


ToUl  United  Sute«  . 


8,603,884 


Population 
1870.       I 


Wheal. 


Rye 


Com. 


Potatoes, 
while. 


I    StuMf.        Btuhth.        BmheU.        Buthdt.        BiuheU. 
38,925,508     »7,0e7,656      16,918,793  '  700,944,619  j  282,107,157     143,837,473 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

CalifomU 

Connccticat 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

lUinois 

Indiana 

Iowa  

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

M:irvlind 

M.1--1,  i.iisetto... 

M:,  lr_-.  • 

.Mnin,,-,,r-i 

MW-is-ippi 

Missouri ',     . 

Nebraska 

Nevada.. .  

New  Hampahlre  , 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina... 

Ohio 

Oregon  

Peniir-vlvania 

Rh.xle' Island.. .. 
South  Carolina. . 
Tennessee  . .     . . 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia   

West  Virginia... 

Wieconsin 

The  Territories.. 


50,788 

58,198 

188.981 

4,750 

8.180 

60.868 

58,000 

55,410 

:|3,809 

55,045 

81  ..318 

37,680 

41,346 

86,000 

11,184 

7,800 

.',6.451 

8:i,.',.31 ' 

47.156 

ik->,3.W 

75,!I95 

lfM.185 

9,830 

8.320 

47,0(10 

50,7(M 

.39,964 

loo.aio 

46.000 
l.:«6 
.•M.noO 
45.600 
274.866 
10,212 
38.M3 

a.floo 

53.9!M 

1,619,353 


1»6.998 

484,4n 

582.031 

587,464 

185,016 

188.848 

1. 184. 109 

2,539.891 

l,6S0,6:r7 

1,194,320 

378,299 

1,3814)11 

•857.0K9 

ffi6,9l5 

780.8!M 

1,457.351 

•1,344,031 

446,066 

827,'>22 

1.721.295 

129,322 

58,711 

318,300 

906,096 

•4,916,6M 

1,071.:!61 

2.665.260 

101,883 

3,522.()50 

•858.23!) 

103,606 

1.258,520 

818,899 

:).30.531 

1.225.111) 

443.014 

•1,207,021 

780,000 


1,066,>«8 

741,736 

16,676,708 

38,144 

895,477  I 


2,187.017 

.30.1-28.4d5 

87,747,222 

89.433.602 

8,390,298 

6,788,701 

9.906 

278,70) 

6.774,5113 

»»,<>4.| 

16.26.1.77:) 

18.866.07:) 

274.479 

14.315,926 

2,125.086 

238.866 

193.621 

2,301,433 

12.178.4ta 

2.159.870 

27,8ffi,159 

8310,746 

19,878,967 

7¥t4 

783.610 

6,I,'«.916 

11.-1.112 

I.M.7I0 

7.:j!lf.7S7 

2.483.34.3 

25,606,»46 

1.846,164 


18,977 

87.645 

86,875 

889,057 

10,888 

646 

83,619 

2,456.578 

457,468 

505  807 

85,207 

1,108,933 

9»1 

.•M.115 

307,089 

239,227 

144,.')0R 

78.0*1 

14,852 

.Vi9.5.32 

13,5.32 

310 

47,480 

566,775 

2.47S.125 

:)52,006 

fM«,890 

3,890 

3..577,6J1 

20.214 

.•)6.1lo 

223,.335 

2S,.-,21 

7I.:)4(1 

.Va.26l 

277,746 

1.825,2>« 

17,663 


16,977,943 

13,388,143 

1.221,282 

.1,670,364 

3.010,390  ; 

8.885,066  I 
17,646,439 
189.981,395 
51,094,638  ! 
68,936,063 
17,085,685 
60,091,006 

7,.')96.628 

1.089,888 
11.701.817 

1,397.807 
14.086.238 

4.74.3.117 
15,637,316 
66.flC»4,075 

4.736.n0 
9.660 

1,877.768 

8,745.384 
16  462,823 
18.4*1.215 
67,501,144 
72,138 
34,702.006 
311.957 

7.1.14.207 
ll.:H3.'!14 
20..V>1..V!S 

1 .69l<.l«2 
17.649.:)m 

8.197.865 
15.0:)3.99S 

1,189,335 


770,866 

588,777 

1,787.607 

1,I14,6«I5 

664,388 

114,801 

1.904,601 

42,780.851 

8,590,409 

81,005,148 

4,097,923 

6,620,103 

17.782 

2.351, ,^>^ 

3,221.ti43 

797,6<i4 

8.954.466 

10.678.261 

414,586 

16.  .578,813 

I,477,5ffi! 

66.916 

1.146,451 

4,009,830 

33,293,625 

3.880,105 

25,.-M7,.M9 

8.089,1)09 

36,478.585 

1.57,010 

613.593 

4..313.:)15 

762.663 

36lr2.4.10 

6.S.',7..3.V> 

2.413.749 

20.180.016 

1,093,857 


188.6U 

428,196 

8.0(9,887 

8,789^4 

362,784 

10,818 

197,101 

10,944,790 

5,899,044 

6,914,820 

8,348,988 

2,391,068 

67.695 

7.771.009 

1.6.32.203 

3,025.446 

10,318.799 

1.943,003 

214,189 

4,838.361 

739,9M 

189.849 

4,515,419 

4,7(e,439 

28.M7..393 

738303 

11,192314 

481,710 

18,889,367 

669,408 

83.252 

1.184.3*7 

208,383 

5.1.37,428 

1.2!«,8o3 

1,053,507 

6,646,129 

963,666 


Tobacco. 


Ck>lton. 


Poundt. 
862,736,841  I 


BaU$, 
8,011,996 


1371,860 

890,681 

908,088 

887 

86,809 

789,466 

8.681,668 

388.611 

150.705 

.34,293 

49,.'i83 

803,114 

1,023,706 

.3.'V4 

218.706 

917 

3,651 

I..5!M 

1.743.482 

241,263 

762 


160 

1.550,784 

10.656 

3,071,840 

230,2% 

1,970 

131.572 

142 

1,342.163 

1.2a3.(,83 

2.18S.041 

96 

865,882 

46.984 

2,220 

664 


188,748 
SM386 
68,809, 
8,8»,798 

860  I 
15T,40S 

2»S..Vli, 

5.'.'I'.i,j:i 
9.:)-r..:sr.' 

71,792 

38.841  r 

105,306.869 

1.3,M1 

15 

1.3,785.339 

7.812,885 

5,385  , 

8.847 

61,018 

18.380,483 

5,988 

25 

1.W,.334 

4f).871 

2,3(9.798 

11.1.30,087 

IS.  741. 97;) 

3.8.17 

3.467..3.3!l 

7!  16 

.34.8f(5 

21.465.4.V2 

50.706 

72.671 

¥7,086.364 

2,0)6,498 

960318  i 

11360  I 


429,488 

847,968 

34 


Wool 


Bntler, 


Pounit.        Poundt. 
100,108,887    614,098,688 


39,780 

I73.'.»4 

465 

3 

7  ■ 

1,080 
.i30332 


664,938; 
1,846  1 


106 


144,935 


2S4,.3nO 

181,842 
.130,(88 

ira 

8 


881 


381,253 

214,784 

11,301,743 

254,129 

56,316 

37,668 

846,947 

6,739,249 

5,089.023 

8,967.013 

336,005 

2,234,450 

140,488  I 

1,774,168 

435,813 

306,659 

8,726,146 

401,185 

888,285, 

8,649,390' 

74,655 

27,089 

1,129,442 

336.609 

10.699.225 

799.667 

80.539.643 

1.080.63s 

6.561.728 

77,.328 

156..314 

i,389.7@ 

1.251.388 

3,1(K.137 

877,110 

1,593,541 

4,090,670  I 

1,804,690  1 


Haj. 


3,813,753 
8.753,931 
7,969,744 
6,716,007 
1,171,963 
100,989 
4,499,572 

.36.083,405 

22,915..385 

27,612,179 
5,082,758 

11,874,978 
388,406 

11,636,488 
5,014,789 
6,599,161 

24,400,1F5 
9,522.010 
8.613,521 

14.456.885 
1.639,636 
110380 
5.965.080 
8,286,083 
107.147.526 
4.297.834 

.30.266,.373  | 
1,418,.373  1 

60334.644 

Ml, 199 

1,461.980  ! 

9,671,069  I 

3.712.747 

17,844,396 
6,979.269 
5,044.476  I 

22,473.086 
1,854,7681 


Ton*. 
87,316,048 

10.613 

6.839 

661,773 

(68,828 

41380 

17 

10.518 

2,747.3 

1.076.768 

1.777.Si 

490,21 

201,399 

8,776 

1,063,416 

288.119 

697.465 

1.290,983 

696,068 

838* 

616,611 

169,854 

83,866 

618,648 

681  jns 

6,614,206 
88,1540 

8,S8»,6«S 

76357 

3.848.219 

89.046 

10,666 

116588 

18,982 

1.020.669 

199,883 

224,164 

1,887,651 

86,668 


For  Physical  and  Commercial  Chart  of  thi»  World,  sec  page  So- 


'^^.  UBMRt 


UttlBl 


DEFINITIONS. 


1.  GEOGRAPHY  is  a  description  of  the  Earth.  It  com- 
prises Physical,  Political,  and  Astronomical  Geography. 

2.  Physical  Geography  describes  the  luiul  and  water  di- 
visions of  the  Earth,  the  climates,  productions,  and  their  effects 
upon  mankind. 

3.  Political  or  Civil  Geography  describes  the  divisions 
which  are  formed  for  the  purposes  of  government ;  as  Republics, 
Kingdoms,  States,  etc. 

4.  Astronomical  Geography  refers  to  the  Earth  as  one  of 
the  planets  or  bodies  which  revolve  around  the  sun,  and  to  the 
positions  of  places  on  the  Earth's  surface. 

5.  The  Earth  Tvas  made  as  a  home  f(jr  mankind.  People 
live  upon  its  surface. 


1/ you  stand  on  the  shore  ana    notice  vessels  coming  in  from  sea^  the  sails  o/  those  most  distant  luill  appear 
to  touch  the  water,  the  body  being  hidden  by  tht  cur-re  o/  the  Earth's  surface. 


6.  The  shape  of  the  Earth  is  round,  like  a  ball;  we  know 
this  because  navigators  have  sailed  around  it,  and  as  ships  come 
in  from  sea,  their  topmasts  and  sails  appear  first. 

7.  The  Earth  is  best  represented  by  a  globe  or  sphere. 
One-half  of  a  sphere  is  a  hemisphere.  The  Earth's  surface  is 
usually  represented  by  a  map  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  Hem- 
ispheres, and  sometimes  by  a  map  of  the  Northern  and  Southern 
Hemispheres-. 

•8.  The  Earth's  surface  consists  of  land  and  water;  one- 
fonrth  beuig  land,  and  three-fourths  water. 

9.  The  natural  divisions  of  the  land  are  continents, 
islands,  and  iieninsulas.  whioli  ;nv  diversified  by  mountains,  plains, 
and  valleys. 

10.  Continents   and  Islands  are  entirely  surrounded   by        24. 
water.    A  Continent  is  lai'ger  than  an  island.  point. 


11.  There  are  two  Continents,  the  Eastern  and  the 
Western. 

12.  The  Eastern  Continent,  called  the  Old  World,  comprises 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa ;  it  is  on  the  Eastern  Hemisphere.  The 
Western  Continent,  called  the  New  World,  comprises  North  and 
South  America ;  it  is  on  the  Western  Hemisphere. 

Each  of  these  divisions  is  sometimes  called  a  Continent  ;  as  the  Continent, 
or  main  land  of  Eurojrc.  .\ustralia,  on  account  of  its  size,  |is  also  some- 
times called  a  Continent. 

i;5.  There  is  more  land  on  tlie  Eastern  Hemisphere  than 
on  the  Western  ;  and  more  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  than  in 
the  Southern. 

14.  In  the  Center  of  all  the  land  are  the  Britisli  Isles; 
in  the  center  of  the  Water  Hemisphere  is  New  Zealand.  (See 
maps  of  Land  and  Water  Hemispheres  on  page  14.) 

1.5.  The  largest  division  of  the  Continents  is  Asia,  and 
tile  smallest  is  Europe.  North  America  is  about 
twice  as  large  as  Europe,  and  Asia  is  nearly  twice 
as  large  as  North  America. 

IG.     Gr.wd  Dr\nsioxs.  .-Vrea  ix  Squake  Milss. 

Asia 16,400,000 

Africa 11,550,000 

North  America 9,000,000 

South  America 6,900,000 

Europe .3,800,000 

17.  The  shape  of  the  Grand  Divisions  is  tri- 
angular. 

18.  The  division  -which  has  the  longest 
coast  line,  in  proportion  to  its  area,  is  Europe; 
-Vfrica  has  the  shortest. 

Upon  this  depends  much  of  the  development  of  a  country 
and  the  prosperity  of  the  inhabitants. 

19.  A  Peninsula  is  a  portion  of  land  almost 
surrounded  by  water.  South  America,  Lower  Cal- 
ifornia, and  Italy  are  Peninsulas. 

20.  An  Isthmus  (isfmus)  is  a  neck  of  land  joining  two  larger 
portions  of  land.  The  Isthmue  of  Panama  joms  North  and  South 
America. 

21.  A  Cape  is  a  point  of  land  e.xtending  into  the  water. 

22.  A  Promontory  is  a  high,  or  mountainous,  cape.  Cape 
Horn  is  a  Promontory. 

<i3.  A  Mountain  is  a  great  elevation  of  land.  A  chain  or 
range  is  an  elevated  ridge,  or  several  monn  tains  extending  in  a 
line.  A  mountain  system  is  a  number  of  chains  in  the  same  part 
of  a  continent.  The  Blue  Ridge  and  Cumberland  are  ranges  in 
the  Appalachian  or  Alleghany  system.  The  Rocky  Mountain 
system  includes  the  Rocky  Mountain  chain,  the  Sierra  Nevadas, 
and  the  SieiTa  Madre. 


A    Peak     is    the    top    of    a    mountain,    ending    in    a  i ' 


6 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


Ml.  Crruin.or  Ike  MatttrkorHy  SviilxtrlaHd— Point  to  the  Mouiitaiiu.— The  Peak.— The  VaUey.—  Tke  Village. 

'io.  The  highest  peak  in  a  chain  is  called  the  culminatiug 
point. 

2G.  The  most  celebrated  mountain  systems  are  the 
Rocky  and  Andes,  on  the  Western  Continent ;  and  the  Himalayas 
and  .Vljts,  on  the  Eastern  Continent. 

'i7.  The  highest  mountains  are  ahout  five  miles  high ;  but, 
as  compared  with  the  size  of  the  Earth,  they  are  like  grains  of  sand 
on  a  globe  ton  inches  in  diameter.     The  highest  mountain    on 
the  globe  is   Mt.   Everest,   in    Asia.    39,000 
feet  high.      The    highest  peaks    in    South  ^ 

America  are  four  miles,  and  in  Xorth  Amer- 
ica and  Eunipe  three  miles,  above  the  level     r 
of  the  sea.  I 

28.  Mountains   exert  an  influence    f 
upon  climate,  productions,  and  tlie  j)ursuiU    t 
of  the  inhabitants.    Cold  increases  with  the    i 
elevation,  and  perpetual  snow  covers  the  tops    F 
of  very  high  mountains  even  in  the  hottest    F 
countries;  on  the  sides  of  those  mountains 
are  all  grades  of  temperature,  and  to  the  in- 
fluence of  their  cold  summits  is  the  rain  of 
some  countries  and  states  due. 

Heat  turns  water  into  vapor,  which  rises ;  cold 
turns  vapor  into  \vater  in  the  fomi  of  rain  and 
dew.      Vapor  (rozi-ii  in  Ilakis,  is  snow. 

29.  Mountainous  districts  ar.-  not 
adapted  to  agriculture,  but  great  wealth  is 
obtained  from  their  mines :  they  contain  ex- 
t<>nsive  forests  and  pasture  lands,  and  their 
streams  afford  water-power  for  mills  and 
manufactories.  Therefore  the  chief  occupa- 
tions of  the  inhabitants  of  mountainous  dis- 
tricts are  mining,  manufacturing,  grazing, 
and  lumbering. 

30.  A  mountain  pass  is  a  low  part  of 
a  range,  where  travelers  cross. 


31.  A  Volcano  is  a  mountain,  whence  issue 
fire,  smoke,  ashes,  lava  and  steam.  The  open- 
ing is  called  a  crater. 

32.  The  most  celebrated  volcanoes  are 

Vesuvius,  in  lial\  :  Etna,  in  Sicily;  lleela,  in 
Iceland ;  and  Cotopaxi  (ko-to-pax'-e),  in  South 
America. 

33.  Most  of  the  volcanoes  on  the  globe 
are  on  the  coasts  and  islands  of  the   Pacific 

Ocean.  The  most  remarkable  volcanic  region 
is  in  Malaysia. 

34.  A  valley  is  laud  between  hiUs  or 
mountains.     A  vale  is  a  small  valle)'. 

35.  Valleys  are  lovsr  as  comi)ared  with 
ihe  hills  or  niountains  which  surround  them. 
Ill  mountainous  districts,  the  valleys  are  con- 
siderably elevated  above  the  sea  level.  Those 
of  the  Caspian,  Aral  and  Dead  Seas  are  below 
the  level  of  the  sea. 

3G.  The  soil  of  valleys  is  usually  fer- 
tile. 

37.  A  Plain  is  a  level  tract  of  land.  I'he 
grassy  and  treeless  j)lains  of  North  America  are 
called  prairies  or  savannahs;  of  South  Anur- 
ica.  llanos  (li/ah'-nnre)  and  pampas;  of  Russia,  stepjies  (slep.i). 

38.  The  forest  or  -wooded  plains  of  South  America  are 
called  .silvas.  A  swamp,  marsh,  moor,  or  fen,  is  land  which  is 
usually  or  occasionally  covered  with  water. 

39.  Plains  cover  about  two-thirds  of  the  surface  of  the 
Western  Continent. 


Note. — The  paragraphs  in  fine  type  need  not  be  committed  to  memory  ; 
they  are  designed  to  suggest  remarks  and  explanations. 


JIfl.  HecltL,  Iceland.— Point  te  the  yoUano. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


The  Coast  0/  Asia  Minor.— Point  to  the  Bay— The  Cafe.— The  Coast.— The  Strait. 


40.  Plateaus  are  elevated  tracts  of  land  comparatively  level. 
The  highest  plateaus  are  in  Asia.  Their  elevation  is  about  15,000 
feet.    The  Himalaya  mountains  rest  upon  them. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  Mexico  is  a  plateau,  which  has  an  elevation  of  more 
than  7,000  feet.  The  City  of  Mexico  is  7,400  feet  abore  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

41.  A  Desert  is  a  barren  region  of  country:  its  barrenness 
proceeds,  mainly,  from  lack  of  rain.  Some  deserts  are  sandy,  as 
in  Africa ;  some  are  salt,  as  in  Persia ;  and  others  are  stony,  as  in 
Arabia. 

42.  An  Oasis  is  a  fertile  spot  in  a  desert,  where  trees  and 
grass  abound ;  its  fertility  is  due  to  springs. 

43.  An  Ocean  is  the  largest  division  of  water ;  there  are  five 
oceans — the  Pacific,  Atlantic,  Indian,  Arctic,  and  Antarctic.  The 
oceans,  considered  together,  are  called  the  sea. 

44.  The  large  arms  of  the  ocean  are  called  seas,  gulfs,  and 
bays. 

45.  The  largest  ocean  is  the  Pacific ;  but  the  most  import- 
ant to  America  and  Europe  is  the  Atlantic. 

4f).  The  principal  arms  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  are  the  Mediterranean.  Baltic.  North  and 
Caribbe'an  Seas,  the  Gulfs  of  Mexico  and  St.  Law- 
rence, the  Bay  of  Biscay,  and  the  English  Chan- 
nel. 

The  area  of  the  Pacific  is  greater  than  that  of  all  the 
land  on  the  globe  ;  its  islands  are  numerous,  and  its  inlets 
are  mainly  on  the  coast  of  Asia.  Its  inlets  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  America  are  few,  owing  to  the  high  mountains 
n?ar  it. 

47.  The  vrater  of  the  sea  is  salt.  Fresh  water 
is  that  ■which  has  been  raised  from  the  ocean  by 
evaporation  and  returned  to  the  land  in  the  form 
of  rain  or  snow. 

48.  The  depth  of  the  sea  is  greatest  in  the 
Torrid  Zone — about  six  miles. 


49.  The  movements  of  the  water  of  the 
ocean  are  three :  waves,  tides,  and  curreutji. 

Waves  are  caused  by  winds  and  tides ;  tides,  by  the 
influence  of  the  moon  and  sun  ;  and  oceanic  currents, 
by  the  combined  action  of  the  wind,  the  daily  revolu- 
tion of  tlie  earth,  and  differences  in  the  temperature  of 
the  water. 

50.  The  currents  cause  a  constant  inter- 
change of  the  waters  between  the  hot  and  the 
cold  regions. 

51.  The  ■warm  currents  are  the  Equa- 
torial Current,  the  Jajtau  Current,  and  the  Gulf 
Stream;  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic  Currents  are 
cold. 

5-).  Without  the  warming  influence  of  the  Gulf 
Stream,  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  would  be  as  cold  and 
unproductive  as  Labrador  and  Newfoundland. 

53.  The  warm  current  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  washes 
the  western  coast  of  North  America,  and  gives  to  Cali- 
fornia and  Oregon  a  much  milder  climate  than  that  of 
the  Atlantic  States   in  the   same  latitude.     Ea^  and 
west  of  Greenland,  cold  currents  flow  southerly,  and 
bring  icebergs  as  far  as  Newfoundland,  where  they  are 
melted  by  the  warm  water  of  the  Gulf  Stream. 
The  ocean  is  essential  to  the  life  of  mai^l  Ind ;    its  vapors   supply   rain, 
springs,  and  streams ;  it  tempers  the  climate,  and  furnishes  easy  communica- 
tion between  nations. 

54.  A  Strait  is  a  passage  of  water  connecting  two  large  bodies 
of  water. 

The  Strait  of  Gibraltar  connects  the  .Mediterranean  Sea  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

55.  A  Sound  is  a  shallow  channel  or  bay. 

56.  A  E.i'ver  is  a  stream  of  water  flowing  through  the  land.  Its 
head  is  where  it  rises;  its  mouth  is  where  it  flows  into  another  river 
or  body  of  water. 

57.  A  River  is  formed  by  springs,  or  is  the  outlet  of  a  lake. 
A  spring  u  rain  or  simw- water  coming  out  of  the  ground. 

58.  Rivers  are  useful  ;i.>  a  means  of  communication  between 
different  parts  of  a  couutiT.  From  them  cities  and  towns  are  sup- 
plied with  fresh  water,  and  mills  and  manufactories  with  water- 
power. 

Tlie  most  important  river  in  North  America  is  the  Mississippi.  The  water 
of  some  rivers,  like  the  Nile,  flowing  through  dry  countries,  is  used  for  water- 
ing and  fertilizing  the  soil. 


The  Atlantic  cables  between  Ireland  and  Newfoundland 
lie  on  the  bottom,  at  a  depth  of  two  miles. 


The  riain  of  Laneucdoc,  Frama.—Tlu  Pyrnett.— Point  to  Iht  Pt4um.~fk*  Mtumtaimt. 


8 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


Tht  Water/alt  of  Staubbtuh,  i:t.'._.'  'f.-.r'.  A  t -r-.o  rn  the  I'ctlUy  of  LauterbrunMen^ 
looking  south,  fn  tht  distance  is  the  high  mountain  called  the  yung/rau,  which 
is  coz'ered  with  perpetual  snoTV  for  a  considerable  distance  beloiv  its  summii.  A 
boy  blowing  an  Alpine  Horn. 

59.  The  right  bank  of  a  river  is  on  your  right  hand  as  you 
descend  the  rivi-r.  lis  upper  course  begins  at  its  source,  and  passes 
over  that  portion  of  its  bed  which  is  most  inclined;  this  part 
usually  contains  rapids  and  waterfalls. 

Some  rivers,  like  the  Nik-  and  the  Mississippi,  empty  through  several 
mouth-i ;  tlie  land  enclosed  by  those  mouths  is  called  a  delta. 

60.  Up  a  river  is  toward  its  source ;  down  a  river,  toward  its 
mouth,  or  witli  the  stream. 

61.  The  Basin  of  a  river  comprises  all  tlie  laud  drained  by  it 
and  its  brandies. 

The  basin  of  the  Mississippi  covers  an  area  of  1,000,000  square  miles;  that 
of  the  Amazon  is  twice  as  larfje. 

6>'.  A  Watershed  is  the  ridge  of  land  which  smrounds  a  river 
))asin,  or  the  place  where  waters  separate. 

63.  The  CoTirse  or  direction  of  a  river  is  always  governed  by 
the  sloi)es  of  iIk'  himl  over  which  it  flows. 

64.  The  deepest  part  of  a  stream  is  called  the  channel 

e.').  A  Cascade,  Waterfall,  or  Cataract,  is  a  stream  dadi- 
ing  down  a  precipice. 

Niagara  Falls  are  celebrated  for  their  mass  of  water ;  the  Tosemite  Falls,  in 
California,  for  their  great  height— 2,600  feet.  The  waterfalls  of  Europe  are 
numerous  and  pictiires<iue;  those  of  Staub1>aoh,  in  Switzerland,  are  800  feet 
high. 

66.  Rapids  are  water  rushing  down  an  inclined  bed. 

67.  A  Confluence  is  where  two  or  more  rivers  meet.  Afflu- 
ents and  tributaries  of  a  river  are  the  streams  which  flow  into  it. 

68.  A  Canon  (kan'yon)  is  a  gorge  between  high  steep  banks, 
worn  by  a  stream. 


Mont  Blanc  :   \'alley  of  Chaiitoutti :  .i  glucior  extending  from  the  region  o/ /'erfietual 

sno^u  do7vn  to  the  valley. 
The  River  Arve^  which  empties  into  the  Rhone  near  Genez'a. 

60.  An  Estuary,  Frith,  or  Firth,  is  a  narrow  and  deep 

inlet  of  llic  .<r;i.  at  the  mouth  uf  a  riwr. 

70.  A  Glacier  {gln'.teer)  is  a  great  mass  of  snow  and  ice  which 
moves  slowly  dowii  the  sides  of  a  mountain,  bearing  with  it  sand 
and  fragments  of  rockf5. 

From  the  lower  end  of  a  glacier  a  stream  issues,  which  is  the  beginning  of 
a  river. 

71.  An  Avalanche  is  a  large  mass  of  snow,  ice,  and  earth, 
sliding  or  rolling  down  the  side  of  a  mountain. 

The  Alps  are  celebrated  for  avalanches  and  glaciers. 

72.  A  Lake  is  a  body  of  water  almost  surrounded  by  land. 

Lakes  are  sujiiilied  from  rain,  springs,  and  streams ;  in  mountain  regions, 
from  melted  snow.  The  water  of  most  lakes  is  fresh.  Salt  lakes  are  thoee 
whicli  liave  no  outlets.  I^akes  are  at  various  elevations ;  Lake  Titicaca,  in 
South  America,  is  two  miles  above,  while  the  Dead  Sea  is  1.300  feet  below, 
the  level  of  the  sea 

7.3.  The  largest  body  of  fresh  water  on  the  globe  is 
Lake  Suiwrior;  its  aiva  is  about  three-fifths  tliat  of  England. 

ABEA  in  SQU.^RE  MtLBS. 

Lake  Superior 32,000 

Lake  Erie 9,000 

Lake  C'hamplain 600 

Lake  Geneva,  Switzerland 80 

Loch  Tjomond  (largest  in  Great  Britain)    .    .  40 

Lake  Windermere  (largest  in  England)     .     .  10 

Lakes  in  Scotland  are  called  lochs  ;  in  Ireland,  loughs. 

I      74.  The  most  celebrated   Salt   Lakes   are  the  Caspian. 
I  Ar'al,  and  Dead  Seas,  and  Great  Salt  Lake. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


9 


ASTRONOMICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


1.  The  Earth  is  a  sphere  or  globe ;  its  diameter  is  the  distance 
through  it,  or  a  Une  passing  from  any  point  on  its  surface  through 
the  center  to  the  opposite  point.  i 

The  diameter  of  the  Earth  is  alxiut  8,000  miles,  and  its  circumference,  or 
distance  around  it,  is  about  25,000  miles. 

2.  It  moves  i-apidly  and  constantly  around  the  sun,  from 
wliich  it  receives  light  and  heat. 

It  requires  363  i  days  for  the  Earth  to  make  one  revolution  around  the  sun, 
moving  at  the  rate  of  over  a  million  miles  every  day.  If  the  Earth  did  not  re- 
volve around  the  sun,  we  would  have  no  change  of  seasons. 

3.  The  light  of  the  sun  covers  one-half  the  Earth's  surface  at 
a  time ;  on  that  side  it  is  day ;  on  the  opposite  side,  ni^ht 


T/ie  Succession  o/  Day  a>:i  X:'^^!        Th     /u";/   r  /.,->, «/,•     ■         i:<r.    t't!.-   ^i^plc,  the 
Earth  ;  the  ttecdU  on  zvhich  the  apple  turns  represents  iht  Ajct's  o/  the  Earth. 

4.  The   succession   of  day  and  night  is  caused  by  the 

revolution  of  the  Earth  on  its  axis. 

5.  The  axis  of  the  Earth  is  an  imaginary  line,  on  which  it 

performs  its  daily  motion. 

0.  The  t-wro  points  "where  it  touches  the  surface  are 

called  the  Xorth  and  the  South  Pole. 

7.  liines  dra-wm.  on  the  Earth's  surface  from  Pole  to 
Pole  are  called  Meridians,  which  always  e.xtend  north  and  south ; 
the  circles  which  pass  from  ea^t  to  west  are  the  Equator  and  paral- 
lels of  latitude.     The  Meridians  are  peqiondicular  to  the  Equator. 

8.  There  are  tAvo  kinds  of  Circles,  great  and  small. 


9.  A  Great  Circle  divides  the  Earth  into  t^vo  equal  parts,  while  a 
Small  Circle  divides  it  into  two  unefiual  parts. 

10.  The  Equator  is  a  great  circle  which  diyides  the  Earth 

into  Xortliern  and  Southern  Hemispheres. 

Tlie  iioiuts,  lines,  and  circle.*,  on  artificial  globes,  are  not  really  on  the 
surface  of  the  Earth  ;  they  are  only  imagined  to  be  there,  for  the  purposes  of 
measuring  distances  and  determining  the  positions  of  places  on  the  globe. 

11.  A  Degree  is  a  three  hundred  and  sixtieth  part  of  a  circle. 
It  varies  in  length,  according  to  the  size  of  the  circle.  On  a  great 
circle  it  is  equal  to  69J  statute  miles.  Degrees  are  represented  by  (°). 

12.  The  principal  small  circles  are  the  two  Tropics  and 
two  Polar  Circles. 

13.  The  Tropics  are  parallel  with  the  Equator,  and  about  23J 
degrees  distant  from  it.  They  are  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and  the 
Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

14.  The  Polar  Circles  siirround  the  Poles,  and  are  23^  de- 
grees distant  from  them.  The  Xorth  Polar  or  Arctic  Circle  sur- 
rounds the  North  Pole,  and  the  South  Polar  or  Antarctic  CSrcle 
surrounds  the  South  Pole, 

15.  Latitude  is  distance  north  or  south  from  the  Equator. 
Places  on  the  Equator  have  no  latitude ;  the  North  and  South  Poles  are  in 

the  greatest  latitude — 90  degrees,  or  a  quarter  of  a  circle  (Eemi  or  .Sfmi-half). 

IG.  Longitude  is  distance  east  or  west  from  a  certain  meridian. 

We  measure  longitude  from  the  meridian  of  Greenwich  and  the  meridian 
of  Washington. 

'Pile  places  having  the  greatest  longitude  are  under  the  meridian  wWch  is 
opposite  that  from  which  longitude  Is  reckoned  ;  their  longitudeis  180'. 


10 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


iVkem  Ik*  North  Pot*  t*an*  toward  th*  Sun^  the  XorCk*rn   llemn^-ktr,    has  summer,  io  tg 
days,  and  tkort  nigkU :  tJu  Sum  ii  vrrtical  to  tkt  inkaiitanU  at  the  Tropic  o/Canctr. 

17.  Liatitude  is  marked  on  the  riglit  uud  left  sides  of  maps; 
lon^tiuli',  (111  the  ii])iK'r  and  lower  sides.  On  maps  of  the  Hemi- 
spheres, longitude  is  marked  on  the  Equator. 

Turn  to  p.  16.  Wliat  is  the  latitude  of  Philadelphia  ?  Of  Cape  Farewell  ? 
Of  the  Houthem  part  of  Culm?  What  is  the  loiifjitude  of  Washiiigtou  from 
the  meridiau  of  Qreenwicli  ? 

18.  Zones  are  the  five  great  belts  into 
which  tlie  Earth's  surface  is  divided  by 
the  Tropics  and  the  Polar  Circles.  There 
are  five  zones:  the  Torrid,  North  anil 
South  Temperate,  and  North  and  South 
Frigid. 

19.  The  Torrid  Zone  lies  between 
the  Tropics.  It  is  47  degrees  (47°)  from 
north  to  south,  and  the  Equator  is  in  the 
middle  of  it. 

20.  The  North  Frigid  Zone  is  between  the  North  Pole 
and  the  Arctic  Circle.     In  its  center  is  the  North  Pole. 

21.  The  South  Frigid  Zone  is  between  the  South  Pole  and 
the  Antarctic  circle. 

22.  The  North  Temperate  Zone  is  between  the  Torrid  and 
the  North  Frigid  Zone. 

23.  The  South  Temperate  Zone  is  between  the  Torrid 
and  the  South  Frigid  Zone ;  the  Temperate  Zones  are  each  43° 
wide. 

24.  The  Torrid  Zone  is  hot  throughout  the  year,  because  the 
sun  shines  more  directly  on  that  part  of  the  Earth's  surface.  To 
every  place  in  the  Torrid  Zone  the  sun  is  vertical  (directly  overhead) 
at  certain  times  in  the  year. 

The  Bun  ia  never  vertical  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Frigid  or  Temperate 
Zones.     Vertical  means  directly  overhead,  or  in  the  zenith. 

25.  The  Frigid  Zones  are  cold  throughout  the  year,  because 
the  sun  shines  indirectly  or  obUquely  on  those  parts  of  the  Earth's 
surface. 

26.  Within  the  Temperate  Zones  the  heat  is  less  than 
that  of  the  Torrid,  and  the  cold  less  than  that  of  the  Frigid  Zones. 
Here  are  enjoyed  four  seasons — Spring,    Summer,  Autumn,  and 

I  Winter. 

27.  The  change  of  Seasons  is  caused  by  the  revolution  of 
the  Earth  around  the  Sun,  and  a  uniform  inclination  of  the  Earth's 
axis  to  the  plane  of  its  orbit.     (See  paragraph  2). 

28.  The  Earth's  Orbit  is  the  path  or  curved  line  in  which 
it  revolves  around  the  Sun. 

29.  When  the  North  Pole  leans  toward  the  Strn,  it  is  summer  in 
the  Northern  Hemisphere ;  six  months  afterward,  the  Earth  will  be 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Sun,  when  the  North  Pole  will  lean 
away  from  the  Sun,  and  the  Northern  Hemisphere  will  have 
winter.' 


it'h*n  the  North  i'ole  leans aviay  from  the  Sun,  the  Northern  //emis/her*  ha*  ivintrr^  short 
days,  and  long  nights  :  tk*  Sun  is  vertical  to  th*  inkaiitanU  at  th*  Tropic  o/  Capricorn. 

The  seasons  in  tlie  Southern  Hemisphere  are  always  the  reverseof  those  in 
the  Northern. 

The  Tropics  niarlv  the  limits  within  which  the  inhabitants  may  have  a  ver- 
tical Sun.     Tropic  means  turning. 

'Hie  Polar  Circles  mark  the  limits  within  which  the  days  and  nights  can  be 
more  tlian  34  hours  long 

On  the  Slst  of  June,  the  Sun  is  above  the  liorizon  to  places  on  the  Arctic  [ 
Circle,  during  the  whole  revolution  of  the  Eartli  on  its  axis ;  that  is,  their 
daylight  continues  24  hours.    As  you  leave  tliat  circle  and  approach  the  North 
Pole,  the  length  of  the  day  increases,  until  you  reach  tlie  North  Pole,  where 
daylight  continues  for  six  months,  the  Sun  rising  in  March  and  setting  in  I 
September.  i 

30.  The  Sun  is  vertical  to  the  inhabitants  at  the  Equator  I 
in  the  latter  part  of  March  and  September,  when  the  days  and 
night.*  are  equal  throughout  the  world. 

31.  The  Sun  is  vertical  to  the  inhabitants  at  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer  in  the  latter  part  of  June,  when  the  Northern  Hemisphere 
has  summer,  long  days  and  .short  nights. 

32.  The  Sun  is  vertical  to  the  inhabitants  at  the  Tropic  of 
Capricorn  in  the  latter  part  of  December,  when  the  Southern  Hem- 
isphere has  summer,  long  days  and  short  nights, 

33,  The  Sensible  Horizon  is  the  circle  which  bounds  our 
view  of  the  Earth's  surface ;  it  is  best  seen  on  the  ocean,  or  on  a 
plain,  where  the  view  is  not  ob'tnieted  by  house.s,  hills,  etc. 

34,  The  Cardinal  Points  of  the  Horizon  are  North, 
East,  South,  and  West, 

If  you  face  the  north,  the  east  will  be  on  your  right  hand;  the  west,  on 
your  left ;  and  the  south  will  be  behind  you. 

The  north  is  shown  by  a  mariner's  compass,  a  box  containing  a  needle 
which  always  points  in  that  direction.     (See  illustration  on  page  9.) 

35,  The  Ecliptic,  in  geography,  is  a  great  circle  on  the  globe 
which  is  always  in  the  plane  of  the  Earth's  orbit. 

BLACKBOARD    EXERCISE, 

Draw  a  circle  and  give  a  definition  of  it.  Supposing  that  circle  to  repre- 
sent tlie  Earth,  draw  its  axis,  a.s  shown  in  the  picture  above  paragraph  9. 
What  is  the  Earth's  axis? 

Mark  the  North  and  the  South  Pole.    What  are  they  ? 

Draw  the  Equator.  What  is  it?  Draw  the  Ecliptic.  What  is  it?  Draw 
Meridians.  Between  what  two  points  are  tliey  drawn  ?  With  what  Oreat 
Circle  do  Meridians  form  right  angles  '>. 

On  tliis  or  another  circle  mark  the  small  circles.  Tlien  the  Zones,  as  shown 
opposite  paragraph  18.  Between  what  circles  is  the  Torrid  Zone'?  TTie  North 
Temperate  ?  Tlie  South  Temiierate  Zone  '>.  A  line  drawn  through  the  center 
of  the  Sun  and  Earth  will  represent  the  plane  of  tlie  Ecliptic  or  the  Earth's 
orbit.  Draw  a  circle  to  represent  the  Earth,  then  the  axis  on  the  21st  of 
June,  as  shown  at  head  of  the  i)age.  Wliich  Pole  leans  toward  the  Sun  at 
that  time ''  Draw  an  upright  line,  as  here  shown,  to  separate  day  from  night, 
Tlie  top  and  bottom  of  this  line  fix  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic  Circles  ;  and  the 
two  point*  where  the  Ecliptic  here  appears  to  intersect  the  surface  fix  the 
Tropics. 

Tlie  teacher  can  easily  explain  from  the  illustration  above  the   cause  of 
long  days  and  nights  at  the  Poles  ;  as  the  pupils  ■^^^ll  readily  see  that  every 
revolution  of  the  Earth  on  its  axis  does  not  bring  day  and  night  to  places  that 
are  near  the  Poles,  as  it  does  to  other  parts  of  the  Earth's  surface. 
I 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


Oceanic  Currents. 


CLIMATES   AND  THEIR  EFFECTS. 


1.  Climate  is  the  condition  of  a  place  or  conntry  in  relation  to 
the  temjjerature  and  moisture  of  its  atmosj)here. 

2.  It  depends  upon  the  latitude,  (^.evation,  winds,  oceanic 
currents,  and  mountain  ranges. 

3.  Moisture  is  vapor  which  rises  fi-om  the  ocean   and  other 
bodies  of  water  on  the  Earth's  surface.     It  is  carried  over  the  laud  , 
by  the  wind,  and  when  it  enters  cold  air,  it  becomes  rain  or  j 
snow. 

4.  More  rain  falls  on  the  coasts  than  in  the  interior  of  a 
continent ;  and  more  on  that  side  of  a  continent  or  mountain  chain 
against  which  the  prevailing  winds  blow. 

1       5.  The  Zone  in  which  the  most  rain  falls  is  the  Torrid. 

!      6.  On   the  Western   Continent,  the  greatest  amount  of 
I  rain  falls  in  South  America,  between  the  Andes  Mountains  and  the 
eastern  coast,  where  the  prevailing  winds  are  from  the  east. 

7.  In  the  Temperate  Zones,  the  winds  blow  from  the  west 
or  southwest ;  therefore  much  rain  falls  on  the  western  coasts  of 
North  Ameiica  and  Europe. 

8.  The  great  rainless  regions  are  in  the  interior  of  Africa 
and  Asia.     A  region  without  moisture  is  a  desert. 

9.  The  heat  diminishes  as  yon  leave  the  Torrid  Zone  and 
travel  toward  either  Pole,  or  as  you  ascend  a  high  mountain. 


From  the  Equator  toward  the  North  Pole,  the  tem])erature  diminishes 
about  1'  for  every  100  miles ;  and  from  the  level  of  the  sea  to  the  summit  of 
a  mountain,  the  temperature  diminishes  about  1"  for  every  350  feet. 

10.  Coasts  that  are  washed  by  warm  oceanic  currents  have  a 
warmer  climate  than  other  parts  of  a  continent  in  the  same  lat- 
itude. 

11.  The  western  coast  of  Europe  is  washed  by  the  Gulf 
Stream,  a  warm  current  which,  with  tlie  aid  of  the  westerly  or 
southwesterly  winds,  gives  to  that  part  of  Europe  a  climate  ci'le-  i 
bi-ated  for  its  mildness  and  moisture,  while  that  of  the  eastern  part 
is  very  cold  in  winter  and  very  hot  in  simimer. 

13.  The  western  coast  of  the  United  States  is  washed 
by  a  warm  cun-ent  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  giving  to  California. 
Oregon,  and  Washington  Territory,  a  climate  similar  to  that  of 
Western  Europe. 

The  land  is  warmer  in  summer  and  colder  in  winter  than  the  ocean  ;  conse- 
quently, winds  which  blow  over  the  ocean  are  more  even  in  temperature  than 
those  which  blow  over  the  land.  \ 

13.  Climates  produce  important  effects  upon  the  vege-  [ 
tation  of  different  countries  and  upon  the  condition  and  pm-suits  of 
the  inhabitants. 

14.  Vegetation  is  most  luxuriant  in  the  Torrid  Zone; 
tliis  is  due  to  the  great  heat  and  moisture  of  that  region. 


12 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


MANKIND. 


Th€  Caucasian  Race:  £^ptiif 


ihiiartt  Ettrc>pean. 


1.  Mankind  is  divided  into  tive  general  classes  or  races: 
(Ir-  Caucasian,  or  white  race;  the  Mongolian,  or  yellow  race;  the 
Malay,  or  brown  race ;  the  American  Indian,  or  red  race ;  and  the 
Ethiopian,  or  black  race. 

'i.  The  races  are  distinguished  from  each  other  by  the 
fonn  of  the  head  and  face,  the  kind  of  hair,  and  the  color  of  the 
skin.  ) 

3.  In  the  Caucasian  race  tl-.e  head  is  almost  round,  the 
nose  narrow  and  jironiinent,  the  mouth  small,  and  the  hair  long. 
Although  the  skin  is  mostly  white,  or  of  a  light  shade,  yet  suma 
('auca,sians  arc  quit(  dark.  k 

4.  The  Caucasians  include  most  Euroi)eaffi  and  their 
descendants,  besides  the  inhabitants  of  Western  Asia  and  Northern 
Africa.  The  Egyptians,  Moors,  Berbers  and  Arabs  are  of  a  dark 
color,  and  the  Abyssinians  are  black;  they  nevertheless  belong  to 
this  nice. 

5.  The  Caucasian  is  the  most  enterprising  and  enlightened 
race,  especially  the  inhabitants  of  the  Nortli  Temperate  Zone. 


Mi'Hgvhan  or  Yellow  Race :  EsquimauA  ......  v......j.. 

G.  The  Mongolians  include  the  Chinese,  Japanese  and  Es- 
quimaux. They  are  short  in  stature,  and  have  broad  faces,  low 
forehead?:  \vid«-.  small  noses;  coar.<e,  straight  hair. 

7.  The  Malays  inhabit  the  Malay  Peninsula,  Sumatra,  Java, 
New  Zealand,  the  Sandwich  Islands,  and  many  other  islands  of  the 
Pacific  and  Indian  Oceans. 

8.  Their  color  is  reddish-brown,  and  their  hair  is  black, 
coarse,  and  abundant. 

9.  Their  character  is  savage  and  treacherous. 


"5^,    f)>^ 


The  Malay  Race ;   Sandtuich  htandi-n  and  New  Zealanders. 


10.  The  American  Indians  are  copper-colored,  and  tall  in 
stature.    They  have  prominent  cheek  bones,  and  long,  straight  hair. 


American  Indians^  or  Red  Race. 


11.  The  Black  Race  includes  the  inhabitants  of  nearly  all 
that  part  of  Africa  which  is  south  of  the  Great  Desert,  besides  large 
numbers  in  North  and  South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  The 
nose  of  this  race  is  broad:  li))s.  thick  ;  and  hair,  woolly. 


The  Black  Race  :  Caffres^  and  Natives  o/  Western  A/rica 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


13 


12.  People  diflFer  in  their  conditions  and  occupations. 

13.  Savages  live  by  hunting  and  fishing.  Hall'  civilized  tribes 
own  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep,  and  move  their  tents  from  place  to 
place  to  find  pasture.  The  chief  occupations  of  ci\ihzed  nations 
are  agriculture,  mining,  manufacturing,  and  commerce. 

14.  Agriculttire  is  conducted  by  the  farmer;  mining,  by  the 
miner;  manufacturing,  by  the  manufacturer;  and  commerce  or 
trade,  by  the  merchant. 

15.  Mining  is  digging  for  metals  or  other  minerals,  as  gold, 
silver,  lead,  iron,  coal,  and  salt.  Quarrying  is  taking  out  building 
stone,  as  granite,  marble,  etc. 

16.  Commerce  is  the  exchange  of  products  between  different 
countries  or  states.  The  goods  or  products  sent  from  a  country 
are  exports ;  those  brought  into  it,  imports.  Foreign  commerce  is 
conducted  between  different  countries;  domestic  commerce,  be- 
tween different  parts  of  the  same  country.  Products  are  conveyed 
on  the  sea.  rivers,  canals,  and  railroads. 

17.  The  Political  Divisions  of  the  world  include  Republics, 
Empires,  Kingdoms,  States,  etc. 

18-  A  Republic  is  a  country  or  nation  whose  laws  are  made 
and  executed  by  men  elected  by  the  people ;  as  the  United  States, 
Peru,  and  Switzerland. 

19.  An  Empire  is  a  region  compnsing  several  countries  gov- 
erned by  an  Emperor;  as  Eussia,  Germany,  and  the  Chinese 
Empire. 

20-  A  Kingdom  is  a  country  governed  by  a  King  or  a  Queen ; 
as  Italy,  Spain,  and  Denmark. 

21.  A  Monarchy  is  a  government  in  which  the  supreme 
power  belongs  to  one  person,  called  a  monarch,  who  inherits  tlie 
office. 


22.  A  Limited  or  Constitutional  Monarchy  is  a  gov- 
ernment in  which  the  powei  of  the  monarch  is  limited  by  law ;  aa 
Great  Britain,  Prussia,  and  Brazil. 

23.  In    an    Absolute    Monarchy   or   Despotism    the 

power  of  the  ruler  is   unlimited ;  as  iu   Russia  and  the  Chinese 
Empire. 

24.  The  governments  of  Ihe  Old  World  are  mostly  mon- 
archies ;  of  the  New  World,  republics. 

The  Emperor  of  Russia  is  called  the  Czar;  of  Turkey,  the  Sultan  or 
Caliph ;  tlie  King  of  Egypt,  who  is  subject  to  the  Sultan,  is  called  the 
Khedive.     KaUer,  in  Germany,  Emperor. 

25.  Federal  Republics  are  composed  of  states  which  are 
independent  in  tlie  management  of  their  l(;cal  affairs,  but  united 
under  one  general  government. 

26.  States  are  divided  into  counties,  which  contain  cities, 
towns,  and  villages. 

27.  A  Village  is  a  small  collection  of  houses  and  inhabitants ; 
towns  are  larger  than  villages ;  cities  are  large  towns  having  spe- 
cial privileges. 

28.  The  Capital  of  a  statt  or  country  is  the  city  in  which  the 
laws  are  madt?,  and  where  the  chief  officer  resides. 

29.  The  Metropolis,  or  chief  c\U,  is  that  which  contains  the 
largest  number  of  inhabitants. 

30.  A  city,  town,  or  village,  is  generally  located  with  reference  to  some  nat- 
ural features,  such  as,  on  a  bay  or  harlK>r,  where  ships  may  anchor  safely  ;  on  a 
navigable  river;  at  the  junction  of  two  rivers;  where  water-power  can  be 
obtained  for  mUls  and  manufactories ;  near  mines  or  quarries ;  or  at  the  end  of 
a  lake. 


-t«x=»C<S<3<si>€>^>S«=»=<>- 


HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 


1.  Adam  and  Eve  were  placed  in  the  Garden  of  Eden  (B.  C. 

4004).     Eden  was  probably  situated  in  the  western  part  of  Asia. 

2.  About  2000  years  after,  their  descendants  were  de- 
stroyed by  the  flood,  except  only  Xoah  and  his  sons  and  their 
wives. 

3.  Some  time  after  the  flood,  Noah's  descendants  were 
scattered;  those  of  his  son  Shem  settled  in  Asia;  of  Ham,  in 
Africa ;  and  of  Japheth,  iu  Europe. 

4.  The  first  inhabitants  of  America  were,  proliably,  ad- 
venturers from  Asia,  across  Behriiig    Strait. 

5.  The  ancient  Egyptians  were  celebrated  for  their  civili- 
zation and  learning ;  and  the  Pheniciaus,  for  their  skill  in  naviga- 
tion and  commerce. 

6.  The  Phenicians,  or  Canaanites,  inhabited  the  eastern  coast 
of  the  Mediterranean,  and  explored  all  the  coast  of  that  sea,  besides 
the  western  shores  of  Europe  and  Africa  (800  B.  C). 

7.  The  great  monarchies  of  ancient  times  were  As- 
syria and  Babylon.  Persia.  (Jreece,  and  Rome. 

8.  Rome  -was  most  po-werful  about  the  beginning  of  the 
Christian  era ;  among  its  most  celebrated  rulers  were  Julius  Cwsar 
and  Augustus  Csesar. 


9.  The  Middle  or  Dark  Ages  were  from  the  fifth  to  the 

fifteenth  century.     Identified  with  them  were  the  rise  and  progress 
of  Mohammedanism,  the  Feudal  System,  and  the  Crusades. 

10.  The  Turks  having  conquered  Syria,  were  very  cruel  to  Ihe  Chris- 
tian pilgrims  who  visited  Palestine  ;  consequently,  many  thousand  Christians 
throughout  Europe  left  their  homes  for  that  distant  land,  to  drive  out  the 
Turks.  Although  great  numbers  perished  on  the  way,  the  Christians  were 
successful. 

These  expeditions,  which  occurred  in  the  11th.  12th,  and  13th  centuries, 
were  called  the  Crusades,  Tlie  Turks  again  obtained  imssessioii  of  Palestine, 
and  have  held  it  ever  since. 

11.  The  15th  centviry  "was  remarkable  for  important 
discoveries;  anionsr  tlieiu  \\as  tiiat  of  America,  by  Columbus. 

12.  In   the    16th   century  the   English   and   Dutch   made 
efforts  to  reach  India  by  a  northwest  passage  around  the  northern  i 
part  of  America. 

13.  Among  the  celebrated  explorers  of  that  route  were 
Frobisher,  Davis.  Iludsiin,  and  Baffin. 

14.  The   first  voyage  around  the  globe  was  made  by  j 
Magellan,  in  the  ItUh  century ;  and  anotlur  by  Captain  Cook,  in 
the  18th  century,  who  made  known  the  great  length  of  the  Arctic 
coast  of  North  America. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE     GEOGRAPHY. 


15 


THE   HEMISPHERES. 


LESSON  I. 


1.  The  Eastern  Hemisphere  contains  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
and  Australia. 

3.  The  Western  Hemisphere  contains  North  and  South 
America ;  a  small  portion  of  Asia  is  in  this  Hemisphere. 

3.  The  Northern  Hemisphere  is  that  half  of  the  Earth 
whicli  is  north  of  the  Equator ;  the  North  Pole  is  its  center. 

4.  It  contains  North  America,  Europe,  Asia,  the  greater  part 
of  Africa,  and  the  nortlieni  part  of  Soutli  America. 

5.  The  Southern  Hemisphere  is  that  half  of  the  Earth 
which  is  south  of  the  Equator;  the  South  Pole  is  its  cen- 
ter. 


6.  It  contains  the  greater  part  of  South  America,  the  south- 
ern part  of  Africa,  and  the  whole  of  Australia. 

7.  The  Land  Hemisphere  contains  all  the  continents  ex- 
cept the  southern  part  of  South  America;  Europe  is  in  its  center. 

8.  The  Water  Hemisphere  contains  Australia  and  the 
southern  part  of  South  America;  New  Zealand  is  its  center. 

9.  The  longest  straight  line  that  can  he  drawn  on  the 
land  surface  of  the  Earth  is  from  the  western  part  of  Africa  to  the 
northeastern  part  of  Asia,  about  11,000  miles. 

10.  The  highest  Mountains  and  table-lands  are  in  Asia 

and  South  America. 


GENERi^L    QUESTIONS. 


I 


LS220II  IL 


L 


Which  Hemisphere  contains  the  more  land,  the  Eastern  or  the  Western  1 

The  Northern  or  the  Southern  ? 

Which  division  of  land  extends  furthest  north  ?  Which  extends  furthest 
south  ?  What  three  divisions  arc  wholly  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  ? 
Which  are  partly  in  the  Nortlieru  and  partlj'  in  the  Stiithern  ? 

Is  the  greater  part  of  South  America  in  the  Northern  or  the  Southern 
Hemisphere  ?  Is  the  greater  part,  of  Africa  in  the  Northern  or  the  Southern 
Hemisphere  ?  What  large  island  is  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere  ?  What  two 
large  Islands  are  crossed  hy  the  Equator? 

In  what  Zone  is  the  greater  part  of  South  America  ?  Africa  ?  North  Amer- 
ica ?  Europe  ?  Asia  ?  What  part  of  North  America  i.s  in  the  Torrid  Zone  ? 
What  part  of  Asia?  Is  any  part  of  Europe  in  the  Torrid  Zone?  In  what 
three  Zones  is  North  America  ?  Asia  ?  Africa  ?  In  what  two  Zones  is  South 
America?    Europe?    Australia? 

Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Grand  Divisions?    The  smallest? 


REVIEW    QUESTIONS. 

LESSOIi    IV. 

)f  'here  are  they  ? 

The  Grand  Divisions  :— North  America,       South   America, 

Europe,        Asia,        Africa. 

Islands  :— New'foundland,        The  British  Isles,       Greenland, 
The  West  Indies,      The  .Japan  Islands,     Madagascar 
New  Zealand,  Australia,  Borneo. 

Mountains  :— Rocky,    Andes,  Himalaya,    Atlas,   Ural,    Snow. 
Rivers : — Mississippi,        Amazon,  Nile,        Parana', 

Cambodia,  Yaiig-tse  Kiang.        Obi.  Ni"er. 

Seas,  Gulfs,  and  Bays  :— Caribbean  Sea,  Caspian  Sea, 

Mediten-aneau  Sea,      Black  Sea,       North  Sea,      Arabian  Sea, 

China  Sea,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  G.  of  Guinea,  Hudson  Bay,  Baffin  B. 

Capes :— Horn,   Farewell,  Good  Hope,  Verd,  St.  Roque,  Nortli. 

HOW  TO  nESCJtTTIE  r«f<FMrf,..-  In  what  direction  from  Mainland  ?  By  what  snr- 
ronnded?  .lloiiiitniiin  :  In  what  part  of  what  Continent?  In  wliat  direction*  extend? 
Kirer.1 :  Where  rise  ?  In  wliat  directions,  and  into  what  water  di>  they  flow  ?  .Stan 
fiiitfx,  ric. :  In  what  direction  from  the  Continent,  or  Country  whose  sliores  they  wash  ? 
.\rm  of  what  larger  hody  of  water?  Cn/ifn.-  From  what  part  of  what  land  do  they 
project,  and  into  what  water?  /Viii »-«»/««.•  From  what  part  of  what  Continent  or 
Ccmntry  do  they  project,  and  hetween  or  into  what  waters  ?  Tnlhtniisrs  nnil  strnils.- 
Connect  what?  Separate  what?  T,n1;fit :  By  what  land  surrounded?  Outlet  of  each? 
riiirn  anil  Towns. ■  In  what  part  of  what  Country,  or  State  ?    On  or  near  what  water  ? 


LS2S0N  IIL 


What  two  straits  in  the  Western  Hemisphero  are  crossed  by  the  Arctic 
Circle?  What  gulf  in  the  Western  and  two  seas  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere 
are  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer?  What  two  large  island.^  in  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere  are  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ? 

What  Mountains  in  North  America  ?  In  South  America  ?  In  Africa  V  In 
Asia '!    Between  Europe  and  Asia  ? 

What  Rivers  in  North  America  ?   In  South  America?   In  Africa?     In  Asia? 

What  Gulfs  and  Bays  in  North  America? 

What  Sea  north  of  South  America  ?  Between  Europe  and  Africa  ?  What 
two  between  Europe  and  Asia?  South  of  Asia?  What  sea  northwest  of 
Europe  ? 

Wliat  Cape  on  the  northern  coast  of  South  America  ?  On  the  eastern  ?  On 
the  southern?  On  the  western?  On  the  southern  coast  of  Africa?  On  the 
western  coast  of  Africa  ?  On  the  northern  coast  of  Europe  ?  On  the  southern 
coast  of  Asia  ? 


SEA     VOYAGES. 

Memenibei'  that  all  meridians  run  north  and  south,  and  all  parallels  of 
latitude,  east  and  west. 

Observe  that  Greenland  points  to  the  south,  not  southeast,  and  that  Cape 
Farewell  is  nearly  due  north  of  Cape  St.  Roque. 

A  globe  should  be  here  shown ;  also  chart  on  page  89. 

On  what  waters  and  In  what  directions  would  you  sail  from  New  York  to 
Cuba?  Cape  St.  Roque  ?  Newfoundland?  Baffin  Bay?  Rio  Janeiro?  Brit- 
ish Islands?    Mediterranean  Sea ?     Cape  of  Good  Hope ?     Cape  Horn? 

What  is  the  shortest  route  by  water  from  New  York  to  Asia  ?  i 

What  directions  would  you  take,  and  what  capes  would  you  pass,  in  a  voy-  ■ 
age  from  New  York  to  Australia?    To  New  Zealand ?    To  Iceland  ?    To  Nova  I 
Zenibla?    To  the  Japan  Islands?    To  San  Francisco ?     What  is  the  shortest 
route  from  New  York  to  San  Francisco?    AriJi.  By  raitro<td.    From  New  York 
to  the  Sandwich  Islands  ?     From  New  York  to  Japan  ? 

If  you  should  .«ail  westwardly  from  the  Sandwich  Islands,  or  on  the  par- 
allel of  30    north  latitude,  at  what  part  of  Asia  would  you  arrive? 

If  you  should  sail  westwardly  from  San  Frandsco,  at  what  islands  on  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere  would  you  arrive  ? 

If  you  should  sail  eastwardly  from  New  York,  at  what  part  of  the  Ea.<item 
(Hhtinent  would  you  arrive  ? 

By  what  two  routes  can  yon  sail  from  San  Francisco  to  Japan  ?  New  York 
to  Australia  ?    New  York  to  Japan  ? 

What  islands  and  capes  would  you  pass  in  a  voyage  by  water  around  the 
world,  starting  fnim  New  York  ?    Starting  from  San  Francisco? 


-  _-Jcrr 


UoDteitb's  Comp  (.nog.,  p.  !& 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


17 


LESSON   Y. 
NORTH    AMERICA, 


1.  North  America  is  situated  in  the  Western  Hemisphere, 
and  lies  cliieliy  in  the  Xurth  Temperate  Zone. 

2.  Its  most  northern  part  is  in  the  Xorth  Frigid  Zone,  and 
its  most  southern,  in  the  Torrid  Zone. 

3.  Its  "widest  part  is  in  the  north. 


4.  Its   direction   from  South  America  is  northwest;    from 
Europe,  west ;  and  from  Asia,  east, 

5.  Its  shape  is  that  of  a  triangle,  and  its  three  sides  are 
bounded  by  tliree  oceans — the  Arctic,  Atlantic,  and  Pacific. 

G.  Its  size  is  twice  that  of  Europe,  or  one-half  that  of  Asia. 


GENERAL     QUESTIONS. 


What  countries  are  crossed  by  the  Arctic  Circle  ?  What  country  and  gulf 
are  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  1 

Through  what  country  does  the  parallel  of  40'  north  latitude  pass? 
Through  what  large  bay  does  the  parallel  of  60°  north  latitude  pass  ?  On  which 
side  of  North  America  are  its  long  mountain  ranges '?  Name  those  ranges. 
On  which  side  of  North  America  are  its  large  gulfs  and  bays  ?     Name  them. 

What  capes  project  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  Into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Into 
the  Pacific  Ocean  ? 

Name  the  countries  of  North  America.     What  division  of  land  is  Green-  I 


land?  Ans.  An  island.  To  what  government  does  Greenland  belong?  To 
what  government  does  British  America  belong  ?  What  large  rivers  are  west 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains?  What  large  rivers  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico? 
Into  Hudson     Bay?    What  river  flows  into  the  Arctic  Ocean? 

Bound  British  America.    The  United  States.    Mexico.    Central  America. 

What  countries  on  the  Eastern  Continent  are  in  the  same  latitude  as 
British  America  ?  (See  right  and  left  margins.)  As  the  United  States  ?  What 
meridian  passes  through  the  centre  of  North  America  and  near  the  western 
coasts  of  Hudson    Bay  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico? 


Make  a  scale 
by  marking  on  a 
slip  of  paper  or 
pasteboard  the 
measures  1, 
etc.,  as  on  the 
sides  of  this  map. 
Every  measure 
on  the  maps  of 
the  continents  re- 
presents »ix  hun- 
dred miles. 

All  names  in 
black  type  are  to 
be  marked  on  the 
drawing. 

Pupils  should 
mark  on  each  ri v  ■ 
er,  ocean,  bay, 
gulf,  strait,  etc., 
the  first  syllable 
of  its  name,  when 
there  is  not  room 
cnougli  for  the 
full  word. 

As  an  exercise  In  spelling,  the  fuU  name  of  each  abbreviated  word  may  be 
written  on  the  margin  of  the  drawing,  before  the  recitation  closes. 


Note. — Do  not  draw  the  measurement  line*. 
indicated  ^11  be  snflScient. 


The  marking  of  the  point* 


SEA    VOYAGES. 

What  capes  would  you  pass  on  a  voyage  frota 
Philadelphia  to  Savannah?  What  islands  would 
you  pass  on  your  way  from  New  York  to  Cuba? 
From  Boston  to  Quebec  ? 

On  what  waters  would  you  sail  from  Savannah  to 
New  Orleans  ?     From   Quebec   to  Hayti  ?     From  j 
New  York  to  Baffin     Bay  ?  | 

LESSON    YI.  ' 

TO  DRAW  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Begin  at  A  :  i  measure  north  of  A,  draw  Hayti  ; 
5  ms.  north,  draw  Xewfoundland  and  the 
Strait  of  Bellisle.  Between  6  and  7  draw  the 
eaF*em  coast  of  Greenland. 

From  0  measure  to  D,  marking  the  points  1,  2,  S 
4,  5.  Through  J  draw  the  northern  extremity  of  i 
the  Peninmila  of  Yucatan.  1  m.  west  of  thi*  \ 
point  draw  the  western  coast  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mrxico.  Draw  Cainpeachy  Bay,  the  Bay 
of  Honduras,  aad  the  Lsthinus  of  Panama, 
and  Cuba. 

At  2  draw  the  Pen initula  of  Florida.  Mark 
3  on  the  line  C  D,  and  locate  Cajir  Itiitttras. 
Near  4,  mark  Cape  Cod  :  and  near  ■>  draw  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Luwrenre  and  Xora  Scotia,  and 
complete  the  eastern  coast.  From  B  measure  5  ms. 
to  H,  and  draw  the  islands  along  the  Arctic  coast. 

From  G,  measure  north  S  ms.,  and  mark  San 
Francisco  :  and  a  little  to  the  north,  Cape 
:  Jiejif/ociHO,  the  western  cape  of  California;  oppo- 
site.;. draw  Tancoiircr's  I:iland :  at  5,  Queen 
Cliarlotte's  Island.  7  is  near  the  northeastern 
coast  of  Alaska. 
From  E  toward  F,  mark  the  points  1,  2,  and  3, 
'  and  draw  the  Gulf  and  Penin^iula  of  Califor- 
nia and  Cape  St.  Lucas.  Complete  the  south- 
em  coast  of  the  continent. 
Dnw  James  Bay,  Hudson  Bay,  Great 
Slare  Lake,  and  Mackenzie  River,  according  to  the  line  I  J,  and 
complete  the  northern  part  of  the  continent. 

When  the  lx>undarios  are  drawn,  add  the  mountains,  rivers,  countries,  bays 
aud  gulfs,  ca|)es,  islands,  and  cities  ;  then  the  section  from  Cape  Hatteras  t<« 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  showing  elevations  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 


18 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


REVIEW     QUESTIONS, 


LS2S0N    YIL 

>t  'Aerr  ore  Ihry  '/ 

Mountains  : — Rocky,    Alleghany,    Sierra  Nevada,    St.  Elia.<. 


Rivers  : — Mississippi, 
Atbabiisca, 
Missouri, 


Rio  Grande, 
St.  Lawrence, 
Colorado, 


Mackenzie, 
-  Columbia, 
Yukon. 


Gulfs  and  Bays  : — Gulf  of  St.  Ijawrencc,  Bay  of  Campeachy, 

IJiiy  iif  lldiuluias.    Gulf  of  Mexico,  Hudson  Bay, 

Fox  Channel,  Baffin  Bay,  James  Bay. 

Straits : — Iludson,       Davis,       Behring,       Florida. 


LSSSON    YIII. 

U  'here  tire  Ihey  '/ 

Lakes  : — Superior,  Great  Slave, 

(ircat  Bear,  Winnipeg, 

Erie,  Huron. 

Islands  : — Newfoundland,  Vancouver's, 

Queen  Charlotte's,      Jamaica, 
Bermuda  Islands,       Iceland, 


Michigan, 
Ontario, 

Hayti  (hayle), 

Anticosti, 

Cuba. 


Capes  : — Farewell, 
Race, 


Sable  (two  capes), 
Mendocino, 


Hatteras,      FlatterA', 
St.  Lucas. 


The  pupils  mar  also  point  out  these  places  on  the  Relief  Map  below. 


PFIYSICj^L    4ND    DESCRIPTIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


A'«'^'</  -"*»/.  *"'  a  Biriis-fye  t^'itw  of  Sortk  AmfHca,  sktnsnng  the  elma-ti^nj  ami  depression*  j/  tk*  sur/at 


LSSSON 


IX. 


1.  The  mountainous  sec- 
tion of  North  America  is  in  the 

west. 

2.  Its  great  mountain  sys- 
tem extends  from  the  Andes,  in 
South  America,  in  a  northwesterl' 
direction,  tn  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

3.  The    mountain   ranges  ! 
are  mainly  parallel  with  the  tea- 
coasts. 

4.  The  Rocky  Mountains  rest  1 
on  a  great  plateau  whicii  extends 
westerly  to  tiie  Sierra  Nevada  and  \ 
Cascade  Mountains.  Their  greatest 
distance  from  the  Pacific  coast  is 
about  1000  miles.  In  the  United 
States  they  are  aix)ut  midway  be- 
tween the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Mis- 
sissipi)i  River.  The  plateau  is  about 
one  mile  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

o.  The  highest  peaks  «jf  the 
Rocky,  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade 
Ranges  arc  so  high  that  they  are 
continually  covered  with  snow. 
(See  page  6,  paragraph  28.) 

G.  This  section  is  cele- 
brated lor  its  wealth  in  gold, 
silver,  and  quicksilver  mines.  In 
the  valleys  near  the  Pacific  coast 
the  soil  is  very  productive  and  the 
climate  delightful. 

7.   The     most     important 

mountains  in  the  eastern  part 
cif  North  ^Vmerica  are  those  of  the 
.Vppalaehian  .system,  which  com- 
prises several  ranges  extending  in 
the  same  general  direction  as  the 
Atlantic  coast. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


19 


8  CELEBRATED  PEAKS  IN   NORTH  AMERICA. 

Height  in  Feet. 

Vol.  Poi)ociitapetl,  Mexiso,  higliest    ....  18,500 

Mt.  St.  Elias,           Alas'ca 18,000 

Mt.  Whitney,*        (Jalifornia 15,086 

Tike's  Peak.             Colorado U,500 

Fiemuut"s  Peak,      Wyomhiy 13,570 

Mt.  Mitchell,*        Ncrth  Carolina    ....  6,707 

Mt.  Washiugton,     New  Hamjishire  ....  fi,428 

Mt.  Marcy,               JVeiv  York 5,379 

Mt.  Maustield,        Vermont 4,430 

9.  From  the  base   of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the 

Mississippi  River,  the  descent  is  hardly  perceptible,  being  a  faU  of 
only  one  foot  in  a  mile. 

10.  The  great  plains  and  loTRrland.s  of  North  America 
extend  from  the  Ai'ctic  Ocean  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  from  the 
Rocky  to  the  Appalachian  Mountains. 

11.  They  comprise  four  basins;  those  of  the  Mississippi, 
the  St.  Lawrence,  Mackenzie  River,  and  Hudson  Bay. 

Wliich  of  these  basins  are  on  the  Atlantic  slope  '!  Which  is  on  the  Arctic 
slope  ■? 

1",*.  The  Pacific  Slope  of  North  America  is  that  part  which 
is  west  of  the  Rocky  ilountains. 

13.  It  is  drained  mainly  by  the  Columbia,  Colorado,  and 
Yukon  Rivers. 

14.  From  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  the  slope  is  geutle,  being  first  hilly,  then  level,  and  near 
the  coast,  low  and  swampy.     (See  page  35.) 

15.  The  Atlantic  Slope,  on  account  of  its  soil,  streams, 
lakes,  and  inlets,  is  well  adapted  to  agriculture,  manufactures,  and 
commerce. 

LESSON    X. 

!•>.  The  Climates  of  North  America  are  of  every  variety ; 
tropical  in  the  south,  frigid  in  the  north,  and  temperate  in  the 
middle. 

17.  The  climate  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  in  the  United 
States,  Bririsli  America,  and  Alaska,  is  much  milder  than  that  of 
the  Atlantic  coast,  in  corresponding  latitudes.     (See  p.  11,  par.  11.) 

18.  What  countries  of  Europe  are  in  the  same  latitude  as  Labrador — (see 
margins  of  the  map) — as  Newfoundland  and  Canada  ?  Which  extends  furthest 
nortli.  Lake  Superior,  New  Brunswick,  or  France'?  At  wliat  part  of  the  Old 
World  would  rou  arrive  by  sailing  eastwardly  from  Halifax  V  From  Cape 
May  ?  From  Savannah  '!  From  Florida  Strait  ?  What  empires  of  Asia  are 
directly  west  of  San  Francisco  ? 

10.  Winds  partake  of  the  temperatnre  of  the  surface  over  which  they 
blow.  The  land  is  warmer  in  summer  and  colder  in  winter  than  the  ocean  ; 
that  is,  the  temperature  of  the  ocean  is  more  uniform  throughout  the  year 
than  that  of  the  land.  And  as  the  prevailina;  winds  in  the  Temperate  Zone 
are  from  the  west,  their  temperature  will  be  milder  on  the  Pacific  than  on 
the  Atlantic  coast. 

20.  The  Rain  of  the  Pacific  coast  is  supplied  by  vapor  which 
rises  from  the  Pacitic  Ocean. 

21.  On  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States  the  rain  falls  between  that 
coast  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains,  l>ecause  the  vaiK)r  is  condensed  before 
passing:  over  the  cold  peaks  of  that  high  range,  thus  leaving  a  vast  elevated 
region  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  from  the  Columbia  to  the  Colorado  river, 
destitute  of  rain.     (See  jiage  7,  paragraph  41.) 

*  Mt.  Whitney  Uas  nearly  the  same  elevaiion  as  Mt.  Blanc,  the  highest  monntain  in 
Europe.    Mt.  Mitchell  is  the  highest  peak  of  the  .Appalachian  Moantains. 


22.  The  rain  of  the  Atlantic  Slope  is  supplied  from  the 
Gulf  ot  Mexico  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

23.  In  the  cold  or  northern  regions  the  vegetation  is 
very  scanty,  while  in  the  hot  or  tropical  regions  it  is  very  dense, 
owing  to  the  excessive  heat  and  moisture. 

24.  The  principal  animals  of  t]»  north  are  the  white  bear, 
reindeer,  whale,  walrus,  and  seal,  in  the  south,  alligators,  turtles, 
and  rattlesnakes  are  numerous :  and  among  the  wild  animals  of 
the  temperate  regions  are  bears,  bufialoes,  deer,  and  wolves. 

25.  The  Inhabitants  of  the  Arctic  coasts  are  dwarfed  in 
body  aud  mind  ;  in  the  tropical  regions  the  inhabitants  are  ener- 
vated by  the  heat ;  but  in  the  temperate  climate  maii  attains  the 
highest  degree  of  civilization. 

26.  Greenland  is  a  cold,  barren  region,  inhabited  chiefly  by 
Esquimaux,  whose  occupations  are  fishing  and  seal-h tinting. 

27.  Its  European  settlements  are  on  the  western  coast. 

Its  eastern  coast  is  constantly  iuclo-scd  by  ice. 

28.  British  America. —  Its  northeastern  half  is  covered  with 
ice  and  snow  nearly  all  the  year.  Its  remaining  part  contains  vast 
forests  and  j)i-airies,  where  the  bufifalo,  elk,  deer,  beaver,  mink,  and 
other  auimals,  are  hunted  for  their  furs. 

HISTORICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 
LESSOM    XL 

1.  America  vras  discovered  by  Christopher  Columbus,  in 
1492  (Oclolier  12th).  He  landed  on  a  small  island,  which  he 
named  San  Salvador;  and  thinking  it  one  of  the  islands  of  India, 

he  called  the  natives  Indians. 

2.  Columbus  was  an  Italian  ;  but  he  sailed  under  the  orders 
of  the  King  and  Queen  of  Spain. 

3.  In  the  9th  century,  Northtnon  from  Norway  colonized  Iceland  ;  and  in 
the  following  century,  Greenland  was  settled  by  Norwegian  Icelanders. 

4.  The  mainland  of  North  America  was  discovered  by  John 
Cabot  and  his  son,  who  sailed  in  the  service  of  England,  in  1497. 
The  next  year,  his  son  conducted  a  voyage  and  explored  the  coast 
from  Labrador  to  the  Delaware  Bay. 

5.  America  received  its  name  from  Amerigo  Vespucci 
{ah-may-re  (JO  ves-puf-che).  who  visited  South  America,  in  1499. 

6.  Accounts  of  his  voyages  to  the  New  World  were  published  in  Europe, 
and  he  acquired  the  reputation  of  beinji  the  first  discoverer. 

7.  Among  the  navigators  of  the  16th  century  were  Ponce 
de  Leon,  who  explored  Florida  in  search  of  a  fountain  which,  accord- 
ing to  a  report,  could  restore  youth  to  the  aged :  Cortes,  who  entered 
Mexico,  which  he  found  rich  in  gold  and  silver,  and  whose  inhabit- 
ants (Aztecs)  practiced  many  of  the  arts  of  civilization ;  and  Balboa, 
who,  from  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  discovered  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

8.  In  the  17th  century.  Ilenn-  Hudson,  with  the  hope  of 
reaciiing  Asia,  enfrrod  the  bay  which  now  l>ears  his  name. 

0.  Among  the  celebrated  voyagers  in  the  Arctic  regions 
were  Cook,  Fox,  Ross,  Barrow,  Parry,  Sir  John  Franklin,  and 
Kane  ;  the  most  recent  are  Hall  aud  Hayes. 

10.  Nearly  the  -whole  of  the  New  World  came  into 
the  possession  of  Spain  and  England,  by  right  of  discovery ;  but 
changes  have  been  made  liy  iwolntioji.  conquest,  aud  treaties. ' 

11.  Greenland  and  Icjland  belong  to  Denmark. 

12.  Mexico  and  Central  America  formerly  belonged  to 
Spain,  but  they  jire  now  independent. 


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MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 

LESSOH   XIIL 
THE   DOMINION   OF   CANADA. 


21 


1.  The  Dominion  ot  Canada  comprises  the  provinces 

of  Oiituri(j,  Queliec,  New  Braiiswick,  Nova  Sootiii.  British 
C()lnnil)i:i,  Manitoba,  and  Prince  Edward's  Island.  The  other 
British  Province  is  Newfoundland.     (See  j).  16.) 

2.  Its  central  part  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  the  north- 
ern boundaries  of  Maine  and  Michigan. 

3.  The  winters  in  the  Province  of  Quebec  are  very  severe, 
and  last  moru  Hum  six  months  of  the  year. 

4.  The  temperature  of  the  atmosphere  is  the  same  as 
that  of  Norway,  Sweden,  and  Iceland. 

5.  The  Climate  of  Canada  is  hotter  in  summer  and  colder 
in  winter  than  on  the  western  coasts  of  the  United  States  and 
Europe,  in  corresponding  latitudes.  (See  page  11,  paragraphs 
10,  11,  and  12.) 

6.  Nearly  all   its   rivers    flow  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  ^ 
and  its  northern  boundary  is  the  watershed  whicli  separates 
the  Basin  of   Hudson  Bay  from  that  of  the  St  Lawrence  Eiver. 

7.  The  immense  Forests  of  British  America  furnish 
valuable  timber,  which, with  furs  andwheat,  forms  the  chief  export. 

8.  The  people  of  the  eastern  provinces  arc  largely 
engaged  in  lumber  trade,  ship-building,  and  the  fisheries  (cod, 
salmon,  herrings,  and  mackerel). 

Note. — Words  in  parentheses  need  not  be  committed  to  memory. 

9.  By  means  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence 
River,  commerce  is  extensively  earned  on  between  the  interior  of 
the  continent  and  the  Atlantic  coasts  of  America  and  Europe. 

Navigation  around  Niagara  Falls  and  the  rapids  In  the  St.  Lawrence  is  con- 
ducted by  means  of  canals. 

10.  Montreal  is  the  largest  city  in  British  America. 


. ',■    Jsk  k>  n  J\a 


Quebec- "Tke  St,  Lawnncc  River. — I'iew  /'rom  J^oinl  Lcvi^  looking  north, 

11.  Quebec,  situated  on  the  top  and  at  the  foot  of  a  promontoiy, 
is  the  most  strongly  fortified  city  in  America,  and  the  outlet  for 
the  products  of  Canada. 

12.  Halifax  has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world,  and  is  a 
station  for  steamers  sailing  between  Boston  and  England. 

13.    British  Pbotinces.  Capitu.s.  Cbibf  Cime. 

Ontario Tonrnto Toronto. 

Quebec Quebec Montreal. 

Nov.v  ScOTi.v Halifax Halifax. 

New  Brunswick Frederickton St.  John. 

Newfoundl.\nd Si.  John's. St.  JohW* 

Prince  Edw.vrd's  Island.  .  C/iarlottetown Charlottetown. 

British  Columbia Victoria Victoria. 

Manitoba.  Winnipeg. Winnipeg. 

HISTORICi^L    CEOGRAPp. 

1.  Canada  was  colonized  by  the  French,  ' 

under  Cartier  (in  l.">41). 

2.  The  Indians  were  friendly  until  the 
French  carried  otf  one  of  their  kings. 

3.  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  now  the 
Provinces  of  Ontari<i  and  Quebec,  R-mained  in 
possession  of  the  French  for  more  than  200 
years,  or  until  the  capture  of  Quebec  by  English 
troops  under  Ooneral  Wolfe  (in  1T.")9). 

4.  Newfoundland  and   Nova   Scotia 

were  ceded  to  England  (in  1713).    Nova  Scotia 
means  New  Scotland. 

5.  The  People  of  the  province  of  Quebec 
are  chiefly  of  French  descent;  of  the  other 
provinces,  British. 

G.  Each  Province  has  a  legislature,  which 
is  elected  by  the  ]XM]ile ;  the  common  parliament 
and  governor-general  are  in  Ottawa,  the  capital 
of  the  Dominion ;  but  all  are  subject  to  Great 
Britain. 


A    Scene  on  tie  St.  Francis  River. —  Tke  logs  are  thrown  into  the  streams,  and/loated  dawn  to  the  St.  La  wrence  River. 


•  The  moBt  eastern  sea-port  In  North  America. 


Bound  till'  llnitwi  SUti»-s  on  ihfe  north— t^usit. — aoath — wpul  On  which  eido  is 
the  lonffi'st  const  lint-  ?     What  rapes  nn  the  Atlantic  cHist  ?    The  Pacific  coast  t 

Thronph  what  Tctritnripa  do  the  Rocliy  Mountains  pxtfnd  ? 

What  mountains  in  <  'aiifomiii  *  Oregon  and  Wushinptim  ?  \\1iat  chains  in 
the  QBHtern  part  of  thu  Umt«d  Stated  Y 


\Vlutt  largre  river  rises  in  Minnesota  ami  flows  south?     What  tributaries  ol 
the  Mississippi  rise  in  the  Rocky  Mountains?     Which  is  the  largest  trihtitarj"      '^ 
from  the  east?     What  rivers  flow  intri  the  Atlantic  Oc«ftn  ?     Into  the  Oulf 


ofMe^co?     Into  the  Ohio  River?     What  rivers  are  west  of  the  R..cky  Moun-   '   St  'Wd.r  on  the  Parific  OceanJ  «,,.„„.„  ,|.« 

,  .      „  ,         Ul  eight  States  border  on  the  Great  I-^fees?     What  five  8Uit«s  an-  cm  the 

tains  I 


^ 


inljou  all  the  States  north  of  (he  Delawiin;  Bay  which  Wirder  on  the  At- 
Ocran.  Mention  those  which  are  south  nf  that  hay.  What  Stfttee  border 
Oiilf  of  MoTieo?     Wlmt  are  they  called ?    Am.  The  Gu^ States.     What 


west  Bide  of  the  Missisaippi?     What  five  are  whoUv  on 
it«  eael  bank  ?     What  two  States  lie  on  both  shies  of  the 
aippl? 

COMPARATIVE    LATITUDE   AND  TIME. 

What  larjje  citii^  in  Eun)iie  an>  further  north   than 
^i^JJ      Quebec.    Maine,   uad    MlchijK'uu?       What    citieii   in   the 
United  States  are  in.  or  nearly  in,  the  some  latitude  as  Lisbon?  Cairo?  PekinT  NaplM? 
Nice?     Rome?     What  capital  cities  are  onornear  the  parullpl  of  40    north  latitude? 

When  it  U  noon  at  London,  what  o'clock  ia  it  at  New  Orleans  ?  Savannah  ?  Woah- 
ingtoii?  New  York?  Boeton?  Wliat  is  the  difference  in  time  between  rhicago  and  8aa 
Francisco?    (niicago  ond  Now  York T    Portland  in  Maine  and  Portland  in  Unngun? 


0 


2^ 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


^''>-#^<? 


'»')f>f„7/^#' 


Agriculture  on  the  prairies. 


Pl^YSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  THE  UNITED  STATES  :ire  situated  in  the  North 
TemiK'nite  Zone,  in  the  central  part  of  North  America,  and  between 
the  same  parallels  of  latitude  as  Southern  Europe,  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  Northern  Africa,  Central  Asia,  and  Japan. 

ParaUel  49°. 


United  States. 


Southern  Europe. 
Mediterranean  Sea. 
Northern  Africa. 


Central  Asia. 


Japan. 


ParaUelSS'. 

2.  In  the  middle  of  the  North  Temperate  Zone  of  North 
America  is  Minnesota,  which  is  equally  distant  from  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  Oceans. 

3.  The  most  northern  part  of  the  United  States  is  on  the 
parallel  of  49   degrees,  between  Lake  Superior  and   the  Pacific 

i  Ocean. 

I  4.  The  most  southern  parts  are  in  Florida  and  Texas. 
.').  The  surface  is  divided  by  the  Rocky  and  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  into  three  great  sections:  the  Pacific  Slope,  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains;  the  Atlantic  Slope,  east  of  the  AUeghanies;  and 
the  Mississippi  Basin,  between  them.  Besides  these,  are  the  Gulf 
Slope,  the  basin  of  the  great  lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and 
the  basin  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 

6.  The  ■western  half  of  the  United  States  comprises  high 
mountains  and  [)lains ;  the  eastern  half  is  mostly  level  or  undulating, 
except  the  Appalachian  System  of  Mountains,  extending  from 
Georgia  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

7.  The  two  high  ranges  arc  the  Rocky  and  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, between  which  are  extensive  table-lands  remarkable  for  their 
aridity  and  barrenness. 

Elevation  of  liighest  peaks,  about  15,000  feet ;  of  tablo-lands,  4,000  to  6,000 
feet. 

8.  This  country  possesses  nearly  every  variety  of  climate, 
owing  to  its  great  extent,  its  position  on  the  globe,  and  differences 
in  elevation. 

9.  Climate  varies  according  to  latitude,  elevation,  and  the 
influences  of  the  ocean,  winds,  and  mountain  ranges. 

10.  In  the  north  and  northeast,  the  winters  are  long  and 
severe;  the  summer.-;,  short  and  hoi. 

11.  In  the  south,  the  summers  are  long  and  hot;  and  the 
winters,  mild. 


12.  Ascending  the  high  peaks  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
and  the  Sierra  Nuvadiis,  the  traveler  finds  the  cold  to  increase,  and 
reaches  the  limit  of  jieqietual  snow.     (See  page  11,  paragraph  9.) 

13.  Compared  -with  Western  Europe,  the  climate  of  the 
greater  jiart  of  the  United  States  is  warmer  in  summer,  colder  in 
whiter,  and  dryer. 

14.  Sain  is  well  distributed  over  the  States.  The  largest  quan- 
tity falls  on  the  Pacific,  the  tiulf,  and  the  Atlantic  States;  and  the 

.ist,on  the  great  table-lands  which  extend  from  the  Sien-a  Is'evadas 
.  .i.-twardly  into  Western  Kansas  and  Northern  Texas. 

15.  Snow  lies  from  three  to  five  months  in  the  most  northern 
States,  but  it  seldom  falls  south  of  Virginia,  except  among  the 
mountains. 

10.  The  States  remarkable  for  their  agricultural  products 
ai'e  those  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  Union ;  grain,  fruits,  and  vege- 
tables in  the  north,  and  cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  and  sugar  in  the 
south. 

17.  The  prairie  land  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Kansas,  and  Nebraska,  is  re- 
markable for  its  fertility.  These  include  most  of  the  Central  and 
Lake  States. 

18.  Celebrated  for  -wheat,  corn,  and  wool,  are  the  Lake 

and  C'eiilral  States,  and  Calitbrnia. 

Cotton,  the  South  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  States. 
Tobacco,  the  Central  States. 
Cane  Sugar,  Louisiana. 
Rice,  South  Carolina. 

19.  The  States  and  Territories  remarkable  for  pre- 
cious metals  are  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

Gold,  C'alifornia,  Colorado,  Montana,  and  Idaho. 
Silver,  Nevada. 

Quicksilver,  California. 

20.  Coal  and  the  useful  metals  abound  in  many  of  the 
States  and  'I'eiTitories  which  lie  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

21.  Celebrated  for  coal  and  iron  is  the  region  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains. 

22.  Coal  and  iron  are  extensively  mined  in  Pennsylvania ; 

Lead,  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  Iowa; 
Iron  and  lead,  in  Missouri. 


CuttivatioH  o/  the  sugar-cane  in  Louisiana 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


25 


Interior  o/  a  cotton-mitl. — In  the  distance  are  seen  steamships  engaged  in   cotnmerce. 

23.  The  leading  manufacturing  States  are  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  the  Union. 

24.  The  principal  manufactures  are  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  flour,  machinery,  iron  and  steel  ware,  boots,  shoes,  and 
leather. 

25.  The  cotton  and  ■woolen  manufactures  of  all  the 
New  England  States,  except  Vermont,  are  very  extensive. 

26.  Floiir  and  lumber  are  largely  produced  in  nearly  every 
State  in  the  Union. 

27.  The  commerce  of  the  United  States  is  very  important. 

28.  The  principal  commercial  States  are  New  York  and 

Massachusetts. 

29.  The  principal  ports  of  foreign  commerce  are  New  York 
and  Boston  in  the  north,  Xew  Orleans  in  the  south,  and  San  Fran- 
cisco in  the  west ;  of  inland  commerce,  are  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Cin- 
cinnati, Buffalo,  Cleveland,  Detroit,  and  Milwaukee. 

HISTORICAL    GEOGRi^PHY. 

1.  The  first  settlements  in  the  United  States  were  formed 
about  a  century  and  a  quarter  after  the  discovery  of  America. 

2.  A  Spanish  colony,  St.  Augustine,  was  founded  in  Florida, 
in  15(55. 

3.  English  colonies  were  founded  at  Jamestown,  Virginia,  in 
1607,  and  at  Plymouth.  Massachusetts,  in  1620. 

4.  A  Dutch  colony  w;is  founded  on  Manhattan  Island,  now 
the  city  of  New  York,  in  1(313. 

5.  A  Swedish  colony  was  founded  in  Delaware  in  1638. 

G.  These  settlements  came  gradually  under  the  control  of 

the  English,  who  organized  the  Thirteen  Colonies  of 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE,         MASSACHUSETTS,         RHODE  ISLAND, 

CONNECTICUT  NEW  YORK,  NEW  JERSEY, 

PENNSYLVANIA,         DELAWARE,         MARYUND, 

VIRGINIA,  GEORGIA   NORTH  CAROLINA, 

AND    SOUTH     CAROLINA. 

7.  "When  the  English  had  governed  the  colonies 
about  a  century  and  a  quartt^r,  the  colonists  declared  themselves 
free  and  independent,  on  the  Fourth  of  July,  1776. 


8.  The  war  of  the  Revolution,  which  began  in  1775,  arose 
chiefly  from  unjust  taxation  of  the  American  colonies  by  England. 

9.  The  government  of  this  coimtry,  under  its  Constitution 
and  its  first  President  George  Washington,  began  in  1789,  since 
which  Florida  and  all  the  land  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  have 
li it-n  acquired  by  the  United  States. 

10.  The  North-west  Territory  in  1787  comprised  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin. 

11.  The  governments  in  this  Republic  comprise  the  gen- 
eral, State,  and  Territorial  governments. 

12.  Each  comprises  three  branches — the  legislative,  execu- 
tive, and  judicial. 

13.  The  legislative  pO"wer  of  the  general  government  is 
vested  in  Congress ;  the  executive  power,  in  the  President ;  and  the 
judicial  power,  in  the  Supreme  and  certain  other  courts. 

14.  Congress  is  composed  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 

15.  The  Senate  is  composed  of  two  Senators  from  each  State, 
elected  for  six  years. 

16.  The  House  of  Representatives  is  composed  of  mem- 
bers elected  every  two  years  from  the  several  States,  according  to 
the  population. 

17.  The  Vice-President  presides  over  the  Senate,  and  in  the 
event  of  liie  President's  deatii,  resignation,  or  removal,  he  becomes 
President. 

18.  The  Constitution  provides  that  representation  and 
direct  taxati(ju  shall  be  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  several  States. 

19.  Every  bill,  to  become  a  law,  must  be  passed  by  both 
houses  of  Congress  and  signed  by  the  President :  if  he  disapprove, 
the  bill  must  be  reconsidered  and  passed  liy  two-thirds  of  each 
house. 

20.  The  United  States  shall  g^iarantee  to  every  State  a 
republican  form  i  if  government,  and  protect  each  from  invasion. 

21.  Amendments  to  the  Constitution  may  be  made  on 
application  of  the  legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  when 
ratified  by  the  legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the  States. 

22.  Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establish- 
ment of  religion,  or  itrohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof. 


Tke  United  SteUtji  Semaie. 


'1  Loijiritii'l.'  Wfst  To  fn.m  (Jii  ■  iiwi.  li 


44 


M.pjjS 


,  Quebec* 


Q 


U 


Richmond 


Mi 


iter     "M  /?^Pf  ^-ifflft* 


,-■■7 


jU'H^t  ! 


LiRttton, 


Havethilf 


6  Hanpy.fi/ 
f Lebanon 


'Saddle! 


EK?  Sp'<>ih<^(fd  ^3K   Ja      <5«''««*»5^*i'      Well. 

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BEX      K?  .  i  \     iW         <  .  '\r*:,^AY«'i 

^^   \       S^        /      V  V       Jf      Portsnio,i(Jh^'3r"«'> 

K         ^\  i$.Aa;      O  tAMCHESTERfg         Exete]/    /V     ••••      ,, 
„i«',et>0'0<I  \/*    '  °         4.   \  ij'^^ 


Springfield 


/ 


Bcale  of  Miles 


0     10       20      BO      40      SO     CO 


PfeofVIDENCE.^ 
^"ioii?^        1  4  L  A  N  ^         ,,^^1'^foW 


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a  BLOCK  I. 


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BAV 


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42 


41 


longitude  Xa*t    ij    fn-m  "VV^.-liiuirt'in 


Kuri*ll  A  Stnilb«n,.V.V. 


£V>r  the  names  of  tboee  cities  and  tovnis  represented  on  the  maps  by  nambers,  eee  paee  103. 


MoDteith'e  Comp.  Oeog.,  p- 1& 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


27 


LESSON   XIX. 
THE   NEW   ENGLAND   STATES 


1.  The  Ne^v  England  States  are  situated  near  the  central 
part  of  the  North  Temperate  Zone — in  the  northeastern  part  of  the 
United  States — and  in  the  same  latitude  as  Italy,  the  northern 
part  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  Oregon  and  Michigan. 

2.  Their  area  is  about  equal  to  that  of  Missouri 

3.  Three  of  the  six  border  on  Canada,  and  all  but  one  have 
sea-coast 

GENERAL   QUESTIONS. 

In  New  England,  wliat  range  of  mountains  ?  What  group  of  mountains  1 
WHch  is  the  largest  river  ?  Between  what  two  and  tlirough  what  two  States 
does  it  flow  1  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Into  Long  Island 
Sound  ? 

What  large  lake  west  of  Vermont '?  ^Vllat  lake  in  Xew  Hampshire  ?  \Miat 
Is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Champlahi '?  What  rivers  flow  into  Lake  Champlain  ? 
What  countries  in  Europe  are  directly  east  of  the  New  England  States '?  (See 
margin  of  large  map.)     What  Western  States  are  directly  west  ? 

Bound  Maine.  What  is  its  capital?  Its  metropolis?  (See  "Cities  and 
Towns,"  ^vith  note  in  "Review.")  What  are  its  sear-ports?  Bound  New 
Hampshire  What  is  its  capital?  Its  metropolis?  Its  leading  sea^port? 
Bound  Massachusetts.  Whai  city  is  its  capital  and  metropolis  ?  ^^Tiat  are  its 
sea-ports?  Bound  Rhode  Island.  \^liat  are  its  capitals  ?  Its  sea-ports ?  A\Tiat 
is  its  metropolis  ?  Bound  Connecticut.  What  are  its  capitals  ?  Its  sea-ports  ? 
What  is  its  metropolis  ?  Bound  Vermont.  What  is  its  capital '  its  metropo- 
lis ?     Has  Vermont  any  sea^porte  ? 

LESSON   XX, 
DIRECTIONS  FOR  DRAWING  THE  STATES. 

All  the  States  are  drawn  on  the  same  Unit  of  MeiMure. 

Each  measure  represents  200  miles. 

Mark  all  names  which  appear  in  large  type. 

TO    DRAW    MAINE, 

Q  Make   a  scale  like 

the  one  shown  below, 
on  a  sBp  of  stifTpaper ; 
and  by  it,  draw  maps 
of  all  the  States,  as 
directed. 

Draw  no  lines  except 
honndaries. 

Commence  at  A, 
draw  Pdssfiiiin- 
qunildij  Jidj/,  and 
locate  Edsfport. 
Measure  west,  on  the 
45°  of  latitude,  one 
meastire  to  B ;  thence 
J  m.  to  L,  the  northeast 
comer  of  ^V.  II.,  and 
i  m.  to  H,  the  north- 
east comer  of  Vt. 
Prom  B  measure  \  m. 
to  the  Salmon  Falls  Hirer  at  F,  and 
draw  the  western  boundary.  From  F  measure 
i  m.  to  G,  and  draw  the  Salmon  Falls 
Hirer,  a  part  of  the  Merrimac  Hirer, 
and  the  coast  line. 
From  the  point  C,  a  little  less  than  J  m.  east 
of  B,  measure  I  m.  to  D,  the  most  northern  point  of  Mr. ;  thence  h  m.  towards 
H  to  K,  and  complete  the  northwestern  boundary  of  the  State. 


SCALE  FOR  DRAW- 
ING ALL  THE 
STATES. 


From  A  measure  3  m.  toward  D,  to  E,  and  diKvr  Grand  Lake  and 
St.  Croix  Hirer.  From  E  measure  north  to  I  }  m.,  and  draw  the  eastern 
boundary  line  and  the  Hirei'  St.  Joint. 

Next,  draw  from  the  large  map,  in  the  following  order,  with  their  names : 
the  mountains, — the  rivers, — the  bays, — the  capes, — the  cities  and  towns — 
(mark  those  only  which  appear  on  the  large  map  in  black  letters) ;  then 
mark  the  railroads.  In  drawing  a  map  of  your  own  State,  mark  all  the  cities 
and  towns. 

\A'rite  in  each  State,  its  principal  products,  or  the  leading  occupations  of 
its  Inhabitants. 

REVIEW   QUESTIONS. 

/«  tfhnl  part  of  the  Slate  is  each  of  i/ie  follmring  P 

Mountains  :— :Mt.  Katah'din,        Saddleback  Jit,        Chase's  Mt 
Rivers  : — Penobscot,   St  Croix  (Jcroy),  Androscoggin,  Kennebec, 

Aroos'took,  Woolastook,  Saco  {saw'ko). 

Lakes : — Moosehead,  Chesun'cook,  Schoodic,  Umba'gog,  Grand. 
Bays : — Penolj.scot,       Casco,       Fundy,       Frenchman's. 
Cities : — Portland,  Bangor,  Lewiston,  Biddeford, 

Augusta,  Bath, 

Note. — The  metropolis  or  largest  city  in  tbe  State  is  at  the  head  of  the 
list,  and  the  capital  is  in  capital  letters. 


A  fine  /errest  in  Maim. 

1.  Maine  is  situated  exactly  niidway  between  the  Equator 
and  the  North  Pole. 

2.  In  size  it  is  equal  to  Scotland,  or  to  the  five  other  States  of 
New  England. 

3.  It  is  noted  for  its  broken  coast  line,  ragged  surfece,  vast  ever- 
green forest.s,  numerous  lakes  and  streams,  long  and  severe  winters. 

4.  It  excels  every  other  State  in  shipbuilding. 

5.  Its  principal  cities  and  towns  are  in  the  sonthem 
part  of  the  State.  Portland  is  its  largest  and  chief  commercial 
city.    Bangor  carries  on  a  flourishing  trade  in  lumber. 

6.  Its  principal  slope  is  soutliward  to  the  Atlantic  cooet 


Larger  maps  may 
be  drawn  easily 
by  increasing  the 
length  of  the  meas- 


28 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


Tkt  nkitt  Mountains  o/  Nrw  Hamfshirt. 

LESSON    XXL 
NEW  HAMPSHIRE  AND  VERMONT. 

MAP-DRAWING. 

Tlio  measurements  for  the  eastern 
boundary  of  New  Hampsliire  are  the 
same  as  those  for  the  western  boun- 
dary of  Maine.  Make  a  scale  like  the 
one  given  at  the  foot  of  page  27. 

Begin  at  A,  measure  i   m.  north 

to  B,  i  m.  south  to  J,  \  m.  from  J  to  L, 

and  i  ra.  east  from  L  to  K.     Complete 

the  eastern  boundary  of    the   State, 

drawing  Salmon  Vails  JBei;eJ",  the 

A  flan  tie  Coast,  and  Cape  Ann. 

Measure  i  m.  from  L  to  H,  and  |  m. 

from   H   to   C.     Draw    ^Icrrhnac 

River,   and   complete  the  southern 

boundary  of  the  States. 

From  A,  measure  i  m.  west  to  C,  i  m.  from  C  to  E,  1  m.  from  E  south  to  F, 

and  J  m.  from  F  to  G.    Draw  Lahe  Cluiinplain,  Connecticut  River, 

the  Green  and  Uliite  Mountains. 

Complete  the  drawing  by  adding,  from  the  large  map,  the  rivers, — the 
bays, — the  capes, — the  cities  and  towns, — the  railroads. 

Note. — Here  the  drawings  will  be  examined  by  the  teacher,  or  the  pupils 
will  draw  the  map  on  the  blackboard,  each  doing  a  part. 

REVIEW    QUESTIONS. 

}f^a/  if  the  tihiation  of  each  of  ihe  fottotringP 

Mountains  : — Oi-een,    ^liitc,     Mt  Washington,    Mt  Mansfield. 
Rivers  : — Connecticut,  Merrimac,  Otter  Creek, 

Onion  or  Winooski.      Salmon  Falls. 
Lakes : — Champlain,    Winnipiseogee  {-saw'ke),     Memphremagog. 

CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 
Note. — The  Metropolis  of  each  State  stands  first ;  the  Capital  is  in  capital 
letters. 


New  Hampshire. 
Maucliustcr, 

CONCOED, 


Nashua, 

Portsmouth, 

Dover- 


Vermont. 
]5iirliiigton, 

MONTPELIER. 


COMPARATIVE  SIZES,  UTITUDES,  ETC. 
IK    ABEA. 

Vermont  and  New  Hampshire,  same  as  Greece,  19,000  square  miles. 

IN     POPULATION. 

Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut, 
combined,  same  as  London,  3^  millions. 

IN     LATITUDE. 

Concord,  .«ame  as  Marseilles  (France)        ....  43° 

IN     HEIGHT. 

Mt.Washington  (6,400  ft,),  less  than  one-half  of  Mt  Blanc  (15,000  ft.). 


LESSON    XXIL 
Mi^SSj^CpSEHS,  CONNECTICUT,  pD  RHODE  ISLAND 

MAP-DRAWING. 

Begin  at  H,  and  measure 
\  m.  to  G  and  \  m.  to  K,  and 
draw  the  northern  boundary 
of  tlie  State, tlie  Mcrrinmc 
RirrraniX  Capr  Ann, 

Draw  the  western  boundsp 
ry,  i  m.  from  G  to  P.    From 
^  P,  measure  J  m.  a  little  west 

J^*^^  of  soutli  to  R,  and  draw  the 
western  boundary  of  Con- 
nevtii-iit  and  the  western 
end  of  Ijony  Islanil.  From 
P,  measure  J  in.  to  N,  i  m. 
from  N  to  M,  •,  m.  from  M  to 
L,  J  m.  from  L  to  0,und  i  ra. 
from  0  Bouth  to  S.  Draw  the  northern  boundary  of  Connect iriit  and 
liliode  Island  ;  Pli/niontli  Hay,  Cape  Coil,  Cape  Coil  Hai/,  and 
the  eastern  coast  of  Massachusetts  ;  Martha's  Vineyard  awA  Nan- 
tllrhef. 

Draw  the  boundary  line  between  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  \m., 
a  little  west  of  N. 

Draw  the   northern  shore  of  Long  Island  Sound,  Narrayansett 
Ray,  and  Buzzard's  Bay, 

Complete  these  States  by  adding  the  mountains,  rivers,  principal  towns,  and 
railroads. 

Draw  Tjong  Island,  obser^-ing  that  its  eastern  extremity  extends  to  a 
point  directly  south  of  the  eastern  boundary  of  Connecticut. 

AAHiat  is  the  length,  in  miles,  of  the  western  boundary  of  Rhode  Island? 
Of  the  western  boundary  of  Ma.ssachusetts? 
If  the  teacher  wish,  the  pui>ils  will  now  draw  the  six  Eastern  States  together. 

REVIEW    QUESTIONS. 

ifTiere  are  ihey  ? 

Mountains: — Hoosic,  Saddle,  Everett,  Holyoke,  Wachu'sett 
Rivers : — Blackstonc,  Housatonic  {hoo-m-ton' ilc),  Thames  (temz). 
Bays  : — Cape  Cod,        Biuzard'.s,        Narragansett 

CITIES  AND   TOWNS. 
Lawrence,  Rhode  Island. 

Lyun,  Pkovidexce, 


Massachusetts. 

Bo.^TON, 

Worcester, 

Lowell, 

Cambridge, 


New  Bedford, 
Fall  River, 
Springfield. 


Newport. 
Connecticut. 

New  Haven, 


Hartford, 

Bridgeport, 

Norwich, 

Norwalk, 

Waterbury. 


COMPARATIVE  SIZES  AND  LATITUDES. 

IN  AREA  AND  POPULATION. 

Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and   Rhode  Island,  together,  are  the 
same  as  Switzerland,  14,000  .^q.  m.,— 2,300,000  inhabitants. 

IN     LATITUDE. 

Phinouth,  same  as  Rome  (Italy)        ....  42° 

400  milee. 


Observe  the  shape  of  Kansas,  and  that  its  length  is  twice  its  width— 200  by 
400  miles.  It  will  aid  you  to  remember  the  sizes  of  the  other  States.  (See 
next  page.) 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


29 


"Bt 


Pl^YSlC^L  pD  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPliY. 
LESSON    XXIIL 

Ne-w  HampsMre 

is  celebrated  for  the 
beautiful  scenery  of  its 
mountains,  lakes, 
streams,  and  waterfalls. 

The  White  Moun- 
tains are  visited  by 
summer  tourists  from 
every  part  of  the  Unit- 
ed States.  Their  peaks 
are  covered  with  snow 
during  the  greater  part 
of  the  year,  hence  their 
name. 

The  highest  peak  is 
Mt.  Washington,  whose 
summit  is  over  €400  ft. 
above  the  level  of  the 
sea. 

In  what  part  of 
the  State  are  the 
White  Moun- 
tains ? 

What  rivers 
havetheir  sources 
in  them  ?  What 
large  river  of 
Maine  flows  past 

Reiie/  Map  shotuing  the  face  o/  the  country — the  mountains^  rivers, 

river  valleys,  and  loiv  coast  land, — Point  out  the  mountains — lakts  What      large 

— capes.     FoiloTs)  the  course  of  each  of  the  large  rivers  from  the  m ygp   riseS  in  the 

source  to  the  mouth,  ,                    ^       i, 

northern  part  ot 
New  Hampshire  ?  What  can  you  say  of  the  Connecticut  ?  An%.  It  is  the 
largest  river  in  New  England. 

New  Hampshire  is  one  of  the  leading  States  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton  and  woolen  goods. 

The  three  large  cities  of  New  Hampshire  are  Manchester, 
Concord,  and  Nashua.  Concord  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
carriages  and  the  quarrying  of  granite. 

Vermont  is  also  remarkable  for  its  mountains,  fine  scenery, 
and  evergreen  forests. 

Its  valleys  are  fertile;  and  its  hills  afford  excellent  pasture 
for  sheep,  horses,  and  cattle.  It  produces  large  quantities  of  wool, 
butter,  cheese,  and  maple  sugar. 

Its  largest  city  is  Burlington,  which  is  noted  for  its  beauti- 
ful situation  and  its  facilities  for  trade.     Where  is  it  situated  ? 

Massachusetts  excels  every  other  State  in  the  Union,  in  the 
manufacture  of  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  leather,  boots  and  shoes. 

Its  eastern  part  is  celebrated  for  large  manufacturing  towns; 
and  its  western,  for  the  delightful  summer  resorts  among  its  hills 
and  valleys. 

Mention  eight  of  the  largest  cities  in  Massachusetts,  and  give  the  situation 
of  each.  (See  List  of  Cities  on  page  4.)  What  range  of  mountains  in  the 
western  part  of  the  State  ?  The  highest  peak  in  the  State  is  in  the  north- 
west— what  is  its  name  ?     What  other  peaks  in  the  State  ? 

Boston  is  one  of  the  leading  commercial  cities  in  the  Union, 
and  has  an  excellent  system  of  Public  Schools.  Harvard  Uni- 
versity is  in  Cambridge. 


y^i-^J^ 


On  the  Merrimac  River,  both  in  Massachusetts  and  New 
Hampshire,  are  large  manufacturing  cities:  mention  them. 

Connecticut  is  also  largely  engaged  in  manufactures,  especially 
those  of  woolen  and  cotton  goods  and  hardware.  It  excels  every 
other  State  in  the  Union  in  the  manufacture  of  silk  goods,  India- 
rubber  goods,  fire-arms,  and  sewing  machines. 

Its  surface  slopes  toward  the  south,  and  its  rivers  flow  into 
Long  Island  Sound. 

Its  river  valleys  are  celebrated  for  their  fertility  and  beauty. 

Mention  its  principal  river.  What  river  in  the  western  part  of  the  State  ? 
Eastern  ';    Mention  the  largest  cities  in  Connecticut.    (See  page  4.) 

New  Haven,  eaUed  the  "  City  of  Elms,"  is  one  of  the  hand- 
somest cities  iu  the  Union.  Next  in  rank  are  Hartford,  the  cap- 
ital, and  Bridgeport,  an  important  manufacturing  city.  Yale  Col- 
lege is  in  New  Haven. 

In  what  part  of  the  State  is  New  Haven  ?    Hartford  ?    Bridgeport  t 

Rhode  Island,  the  smallest  State  in  the  Union,  manufactures 
more  cotton  goods  than  any  other  State,  except  Massachusetts. 

Its  capitals  are  Providence  and  Newport,  which  are  also  the 
largest  cities  in  the  State. 

HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

LESSON    XXIY. 

1.  The  first  permanent  settlement  in  New  England  was 
made  at  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  by  the  Pilgiim  Fathers  (Eng- 
lish), December  2'->,  1020. 

3.  The  colonists  suffered  much  from  cold,  hunger,  and  the 
hostility  of  the  Indians. 

3.  The  English  colonies  in  America  belonged  to  Great 
Britain  for  more  than  a  century,  or  until  the  Revolutionary  wai-. 
which  began  in  1775 ;  the  cause  of  the  war  was  taxation,  without 
representation. 

4.  The  first  skirmish  occurred  at  Lexington.  Massachusetts, 
between  the  colonists  and  the  British  troops  (April,  1775). 

5.  The  first  important  battle  in  the  Revolution  was  that 
of  Bunker  Hill,  which  occurred  on  the  17th  of  June,  1775. 

6.  Among  the  first  thirteen  States  were  Massachusetts, 
New  Hampshire,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode  Island ;  the  first  added 
to  the  original  thirteen  States  was  Vermont. 

7.  The  soldiers  of  Vermont  who  fought  in  the  Revolution 
were  called  the  Green  Mountain  Boys. 

8.  The  people  of  New  England  are  mostly  of  English 
descent 


900  miles 


1       / 

!( 

r- 

*     / 

-1 

..  o    / 

1 

1 
1 
1 

u,  /   ui  1 

L/i 

1 

^\' 

J  ] 

\\ 

1  w  /a  s 

s. 

/  f 

'.i 

\      K   1 

zatKn. 

«47 

Aji 

P^ 

U' 

""^  1 

1  "i 

1 

K,              + 

1 

L. 

J 

To  impress  more  firmly  up- 
on the  mind  the  Compar- 
ative Sizes  of  the  States, 
all  are  dra^vn  upon  Kantiax 
as  a  Coiiinioii  ^eatt- 
nre. 

Observe  that  five  of  the 
New  England  States  may  be 
drawn  inside  of  Kansas,  that 
the  width  of  Maine  is  the 
same  as  that  of  Ka  !!.•<».•) — 
200  miles  ;  and  that  J  fa. tan - 
ch  usett.'i,  from  east  to  west, 
is  almost  200  milea. 


» 


lion^tiHl<-  "W'fst  79  trotn  Grt'enwtcU 


4« 


\ 


K  £      0  JV  r  A   R 

.i^ ^»«^     .^«^ 


Lowvilio'a 


ho 


f^ 


u 


■fochester/       <f^ 


Ounkii 


ko  ^ 


~K- 


^-^' 


>*-»' 


^i'l 


^^,Wettfialdv  \    HornolUvilla 

'en  / 


Cleveland. 


I/O 


4.    RpGJON 
,  ^    FtaXklin 
?>Jaw  Cartl^ 


'Nswariii 
jeOLUMBus 


Be Aver 

i  .  Bre  WSBurgysy 

I    ^Wash1wJonV,'#fe' 
lEELINQ^g-y 
Mounds  V.    is -"o 


\anaivine 

Naw>M«rtinsvi'l| 

>  ) 


Parko 


iBatH  tVVatk(nal 

^Paljited  P^.  ^ 

_       Owogo, 

E|miL_ 

"Ti 


44 


~    ^^J 'Mlfski      -!,•  \Boonavllia 


SagavjIJ 


in  /        ^    v-u>5^  -^_ 


Blouburg 


Willia 


JB. 


''^»  Havet 


ji>rta 


^.-fe 


°^^». 


Montrose 


:^C7>^ 


«^toe'! 


-    ■„    „    ^ „„,„-  ';<!S?«'-— V^-g'-^T       ^^>^x 


;^/'•'A^ 


."c/T 


tf 


tinsbu 


Mo    CM  «,  TT'   S-  \^  Be/(M 

^^^S!^?*]t~rOI!A»Ltrr<JM    ^G  f^'"^^     Harassing/ 


jJSF^lf/ASHINGTONVOlSt.ofXolT   i      ^        \       r^<\     Ifii^ay 

mi       -Alexandria  *Columbal  l^y^J^'^'V\.-'^'''9    Wn^S  a^ 

IS   »..>'',:-$?  1  /     PPv  C     r7    A-''■'V^•/>/„'^>' 


^ 


(Arracorm 


'mh 


t 


^Salisbury 


Bagk 


s 


O  "  y^^CnartottetvilJe 


Liberty    o\i  -     \ 

M  •!         BurkaivHIeV 


Halifax  0  /» 
JarksviTiiS 


<ille      ^ 
♦''^ape  Charlet 

p  ^       fcvIiNorfJik 

f^orUrnoy'Vy 


A/R\     0     U 


/^. 


L^ln^^t^l'i.-  W.-sl     ^    fruiiL  Wu.-l,inLnMn 


CJ 


—        3 


or  1' 


£-5 


>   .^'f-A 


>-H 


Vor  the  names  of  places  represented  by  Dombcre.  see  o.  108. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


31 


THE   MIDDLE  ATLANTIC   STATES. 


LESSON  XXY. 

1.  Tlic  Middle  States  comprise  New  York,  Virginia,  and  the 

intervening  States. 

2.  They  lie  between  the  parallels  36^°  and  45°  north  latitude, 
and  are  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone. 

3.  The  northern  boundary  oLNew  York  is  exactly  mid- 
way lietweeii  the  Equator  and  the  Xorin  Pole. 

4.  The  principal  v/atershed  is  formed  by  the  Alleghany  and 
Adirondack  Mountains.  East  of  it  the  rivers  flow  toward  the  Ocean ; 
west  of  it,  into  the  Great  Lakes,  the  Ohio  and  St.  LawTence  Rivers. 

GENERAL   QUESTIONS. 

Name  the  States  on  tliis  map.  ^^^licU  of  them  border  on  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  ?  On  Lake  Erie "!  Which  one  on  Lake  Ontario  ?  What  Lake  northeast 
of  New  Tork  ?  What  two  largo  bays  extend  into  tliese  States  ?  What  large 
river  empties  into  the  head  of  Delaware  Bay?    Of  Chesapeake  Bay? 

What  two  capes  at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay?    Of  Chesapeake  Bay? 

Wliat  mountain  ranges  in  New  York  ?  Pennsylvania  ?  Virginia  and 
Maryland?  In  what  direction  do  they  extend?  In  what  direction  does  the 
coast  extend  ? 

TO    DRJ^W   NEW   YORK. 


(For  scale,  see  foot  of  page  37.) 

Begin  at  E,  measure  \  m.  south  to  F,  J^  m.  from  F  to  G, 


m.  from  G  to  P, 


and  5  m.  a  little  west  of  south  to  R.     Draw  Ldke  Chdinplaht,  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  State,  Loni/  IxUtiid,  Loiif/  Jslinid  Soiniil,  Staten 
IslitiKl,    Stindi/    Hook,   and    the    southern   extremity  of    Iliidson 
liivcr.     Locate  Xeiv  York,  Jivookli/n,  and  iJei-sei/  City. 

From  P  measure  i  m.  west  to  B.  From  B  measure  \  m.  toward  R  and 
draw  a  part  of  Dclawiire  Hirer  and  the  northern  boundary  of  yew 
fTersri/  \  m. 

From  B  measure  a  little  more  than  11  m.  west  to  K,  i  m.  north  from  K  to 
L,  and  i  m.  east  from  L  to  M,  nnd  draw  the  northern  boundary  of  Pfiiiisi/l- 
vania  and  the  eastern  extremity  of  Luke  Erie.  Locate  Hiiffulo  and 
yiagara  Falls. 

From  L  measure  J  m.  north  to  N,  and  1  m.  east  from  N.  Draw  lAike 
Ontario,  observing  that  it  is  J  m.  wide. 

From  E  measure  i  m.  west  to  D.and  \  m.  from  D, toward  K,ti>  S,and  draw 
St.  Lawrence  Hirer.  Complete  the  State  by  marking  the  mountains, 
rivers,  cities,  railroads,  and  the  Erie  Canal. 


LESSOH   XXYL 
REVIEW    QUESTIONS. 

What  rivers  flow  into  the  St.  I..awrence  River  ?  Into  Lake  Ontario  ?  What 
is  the  outlet  of  the  lakes  in  thectnterof  the  State?  \Miat  lake  in  tlie  eastern 
part  of  the  State  empties  into  Lake  Champlain  ?  Into  what  does  Lake  Cham- 
plain  empty  V 

In  what  mountains  does  the  Hudson  rise  ? 

Mention  the  principal  cities  and  towns  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
State  of  New  York — in'  the  eastern — in  the  western — in  the  central 
part. 

Bound  New  York. 

ffTiere  are  they?    (See  Note,  page  15.) 

Mountains : — Adirondack,     Catskill,     Highlands,     Mt.  Marcy. 
Rivers : — Hudson,  Mohawk,  Genesee,  Chenango. 


Black, 

Lakes : — Ontario, 
Oneida, 


Cities : 


-New  York, 
Rochester, 


Racket, 

Erie, 
Cayuga, 

Brooklyn, 
Troy, 


Oswego, 

Champlain, 
.Seneca'. 

Buffalo, 
Syracuse, 


Saranac. 

George, 
Otsego. 

Albaxt, 

Utica. 


Pl^YSICi^L  pO  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRi^PHY, 

1.  NEW  YORK  is  in  the  middle  of  the  North  Temperate 
Zone,  and  in  the  same  latitude  as  Oregon  and  Southern  France. 

2.  In  the  east  and  southeast  are  mountains  with  rich 
valleys  and  pasture  lands;  in.  the  centre  and  west,  the  land  is 
mostly  level  and  very  productive. 


A  Relief-map.  skovting  ike  face  of  the  country. 


3.  The  Adirondack  region  is  wild  and  un- 
cultivated. (     ^, 

4.  The  mountains  form  a  part  of  the  Appa-      ^^^^ 
lachian  system.    Mt.  >[arcy,  the  highest  jwak  in  New 

York,  is  about  5,000  feet  high. 

Tlie  heights  given  in  this  liook  mean  the  distances  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
The  surface  of  Lake  Ontario  is  2.30  feet  aliove  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

5.  Celebrated  for  beautiful  scenery  are  its  lakes  and 
rivers,  and  the  Thousand  Islands  in  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  Falls 
of  Niacara  are  noted  for  their  gnuideur. 

6.  Nevr  York,  called  the  Empire  State,  excels  in  population, 
wealth,  and  commerce. 


32 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY 


LESSON    XXYII. 

7.  The  largest  city  in  the  Western  Con- 
tinent is  New  York,  wliich  is  admirably  sit- 
uated for  commerce. 

8.  Among  its  advantages  are  its  fine 
harbor,  and  its  cuuimiuiicatioiis  with  other 
States,  by  rivers,  railroads,  and  canals. 

9.  Its  population  is  about  one  million, 
and  is  e(iual  to  that  of  Constantinople,  or  one- 
half  that  of  Paris,  or  one-third  that  of  London. 

Philadi'lphia  and  St.  Petersburg  have  each  a  popu- 
laUou  of  over  800.000  . 

Cities  which  have  about  400,000  inhabitants  are 
Brooklyn,  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Naples  (the  largest  in 
Italy),  and  Kio  Janeiro  (the  largest  in  South  America). 

10.  Brooklyn  is  the  third  city  in  the  Union, 
in  pu]nilati(iii. 

11.  Finely  situated  for  mannfactnres  and 
inland  trade  are  Bulfalo,  at  the  eastern  extrem- 
ity of  Lake  Erie ;  Rochester,  at  the  falls  in  the 
Genesee  River;  and  Oswego,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Oswep)  River. 

12.  Troy  is  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navi 
gation  on  the  Hudson. 

13.  Syracuse  has  valuable  salt  works. 

COMPARATIVE    SIZES,     ETC. 
New  York  State  is  the  same,  in  area,  as  Portugal  and  Belgium 
combined, — 47,000  scjuare  miles. 

New  York  State  has  the  same  population  as  Sweden — over  4  millions. 
Hudson  River  (300  miles)  is  in  length  ^  that  of  the  Rhine. 
New  York  City  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  Naples, — almost  41°. 

Draw  a  circle  around  Albany,  at  a  distance  from  it  of  100  miles,  and  observe 
that  it  passes  near  New  Haven  and  Rome,  and  exactly  over  the  northern 
point  of  New  Jersey. 

l^ISTORICJ^L    GEOGRJ^PI^Y. 

1.  "When  Ne-w  York  -was  first  entered  by  white  men,  it 
was  occupied  by  warlike  tribes  of  Indians,  called  the  Five  Nations. 

2.  Champlain,  a  French  nadgator,  first  entered  the  State 
from  Canada,  by  way  of  the  lake  which  bears  his  name  (1609). 


3.  Henry  Hudson,  an  Enghsh  navigator,  discovered  New 
York  Bay,  and  entered  the  river  which  received  his  name  (1609). 
He  was  in  search  of  a  passage  across  the  continent  (See  page 
19,  paragraph  8.) 

4.  The  land  •which  Hudson  discovered  was  claimed  by 
Holland,  and  named  New  Netherlands,  because  lie  was  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company. 

5.  The  first  settlements  foi-med  by  the  Dutch  were  at 
Fort  Orange,  now  Albanv.  and  New  Amsterdam,  now  New  York 
City. 

G.  The  right  of  the  Dutch  to  New  Netherlands  was  dis- 
puted by  the  English,  because  of  the  prior  discover}-  by  Cabot, 
(See  page  19,  paragraph  4.) 

7.  New  Netherlands  was  captured  by  the  English,  who 
changed  the  name  to  New  York  (1664),  after  tlie  Duke  of  York. 


--t»=o=aG<S!>=0*^»G^g>©«=*><>- 


Ibr  Map  Draieino  Scale,  tee  foot  of  p.  W 


LESSOH   XXYIII. 

PENNSYLVANIA   pD   NEW  JERSEY. 

MAP-DRAWI  NG. 

Begin  at  B,  measure  \\  m.  west  to  A,  and  a  little  less  than  J  m.  from  A  to 
K.  Draw  the  northern  boundary  line,  and  a  part  of  the  shore  of  Lake  Krie, 
lyocat*  Krir  Citi/.  From  A,  measure  south  J  m.  to  D,  and  draw  a  part  of 
the  Ohio  Jiirrr,  near  F,  1  m.  south  of  A. 

Measure  1  ■,  m.  ea-st  from  D  to  E,  and  draw  the  southern  boundary  line 
of  Pcniistflrania.  including  the  northern  line  of  Delaicare. 

Complete  the  outline  of  the  State  by  drawing  the  Dehiuurre  liirer. 
Locate  the  northern  comer  of  XfW  Jersei/,  \  m.  from  B  towards  R,  at  U. 
Locate  Brool,fi/n.  ':  m.  from  B.  at  R.  Draw  S.'nten  Islnml.  Locate 
Jefseif  f'iti/  and  Xew  York.  Draw  a  part  of  Ifiulson  Itirer  and  the 
northern  boundary  of  \fiv  .fern/i/,  \  m.  Measure  J  m.  south  of  0  to  H, 
and  draw  the  eastern  shore-line  of  the  State  and  Dr/n  ira re  Hay. 

Draw  the  mountains  and  rivers.  Local*  the  principal  capes,  cities,  towns, 
and  railroads. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE     GEOGRAPHY. 


33 


REVIEW    QUESTIONS, 


Name  the  largest  river?  in  these  two  States.  In  what  States  are  their 
sources?  Into  what  does  each  empty?  What  two  meet  and  form  the  Ohio 
River  ?   What  two  cities  at  tlieir  j  unction  ?  On  what  two  rivers  is  Philadelphia  ? 

In  what  part  of  Peimsylvania  is  the  coal  region  ?    The  oil  region  ? 

What  is  the  southern  cape  of  New  Jersey  1  Mention  the  principal  cities  in 
New  Jersey.  Mention  those  in  Pennsylvania  which  are  between  the  Dela- 
ware and  Susquehanna.    Mention  those  in  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania. 

Bound  Pennsylvania — New  Jersey. 

J'fi  H'hul  part  of  l/ie  Slale  we  ihey? 

Rivers : — Susquehanna,  Delaware, 

ilonongahela,  Alleghany, 

Cities  : — Philadelphia,    Newark,  Pittsburgh, 

Allegheny,        Scranton,  Harrisbueg, 


Schuylkill, 
Juniata. 
Jersey  City, 
Trenton. 


LE2S0H   XXIX. 
PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 


HISTORICAL  GEOGRAPIjY. 

1.  PENNSYLVANIA  was  settled  by  the  Swedes  and  Finns 
(natives  of  Sweden  and  Finland)  in  1C43,  and  afterward  by  Wil- 
ham  Penn  and  other  Quakers  from  England.    {Sylva,  a  wood.) 

2.  Unlike  other  colonies,  it  was  long  free  from  trouble  with 
the  Indians,  owing  to  the  just  treatment  which  they  received. 

3.  Memorable  events  which  occurred  in  Pennsylvania  are 
the  defeat  of  Braddock,  near  Pittsburgh  during  tiie  P>ench  and 
Indian  war;  the  battles  of  Brandywine  and  Germantown,  the 
winter  encampment  at  Valley  Forge,  and  the  meeting  of  the  first 
Congress,  during  the  Eevolution. 

4.  The   Declaration  of  Independence   was  adopted  in 

Philadelphia.  July  -Ith.  IT  TO. 

5.  NEW  JERSEY  was  first  settled  by  the  Dutch  (1620), 
and,  with  New  Amsterdam  and  Delaware,  passed  under  the  control 

of  the  English  (1604). 

6.  Important  victories  were  won  in  New  Jersey  by  the 
Americans  during  the  Eevolution,  at  Trenton,  Princeton,  and 
Monmouth. 


Relief  Map  of  Fe 


vani^,   sh&iuing  the  fiicc   of  the  country. 


1.  PENNSYLVANIA  is  remarkable  for  its  moun- 
tains and  the  alntndance  of  its  coal,  iron,  and  rock-oil. 

2.  Its  mountain  ranges  and  valleys  extend  in  a 

northeasterly  direction. 

3.  Its  manufactures  are  numerous,  especially  those 
of  iron,  cotton,  and  wool. 

4.  The  soil  of  its  valleys  is  very  productive. 

5.  Philadelphia,  the  largest  city  in  the  State, 
is  the  most  important  manufacturing  city  in  the 
Union. 

6.  Pittsbxirgh  is  celebrated  for  its  iron  works 

and  coal  trade. 

7.  NEW  JERSEY  is  level  in  the  south 
and  center,  and  hilly  and  mountainous  in  the 
north. 

8.  The  soil,  except  in  the  south  and  east,  is 
well  adapted  to  grazing  and  agriculture. 

9.  New^ark.  the  metropolis  of  New  Jersey,  is 
a   flourishing   manufacturing  city ;    it   is   on   the 

Relief  Map  of  New    PaSSaic  RivCr. 
Jersey. 

.   COMPARATIVE    SIZES,    ETC. 

New  Jersey,  same  area  as  the  Kingdom  of  Wurtemberg  (Germany), 

8,000  square  miles. 
Pennsylvania,  same  population  as  Holland  (3i  millions). 
Pittsburg,  same  latitude  as  Madrid  (Spain).  40j°. 

Draw  a  circle  around  Philadelphia,  having  a  radius  of  100  miles.  It  will 
pass  over  the  northern  point  of  New  Jersey  and  near  the  southern  boundary 
of  Delaware.     Over  or  near  what  cities  ^vill  it  pass  t 


LHSSOH  XXX. 
VIRGINIA,  WEST  VIRGINIA,   Mj^RYL^ND,  AND   DELAWARE. 

.       MAP-DRAWINP. 

Begin  at  D  and  measure  \  m.  north  to  F,  and  draw  the  Pnn  Handle, 
Locate  H'heeliiif/.  Measure  from  D  to  E,  and  draw  tl>e  northern  bounda- 
ries of  West  J'irf/inia,  .Mfiri/lmid,  und  De/fi irti rr.  Next,  draw  the 
western  and  southern  boundaries  of  Defaicare  i  m.  from  V  to  G  and  i  m. 
from  G  to  H.  Draw  I>ctairare  Bay  and  locate  Dover,  Caprs  Ma;/  and 
Henlopeii.  Mark  A  i  m.  east  of  D,  and  draw  the  western  boundaiy  of 
Maryland  i  m.  from  A  to  B. 

Next  mark  the  point  P  H  m.  aonth  of  E,  and  draw  Chesapeake  Bay 
and  the  Potomac  River.  Locate  Washington  and  Baltimore, 
Capes  Charles  and  Henry. 

Draw  the  southern  boundary  line  of  Virginia  Ij  m.  from  P  to  N,  and  i 
Ej.  from  N  to  M.  From  M  measure  i  m.  northeast  to  L,  and  draw  the  Ciim- 
berlainl  Mountains.  Measure  north  J  m.  from  L  to  K,  and  draw  the  Big 
Sandy  Hirer.     Draw  the  Ohio  Hirer  from  F  to  K. 

Complete  the  eastern  boundary  of  IFest  1'irginia.  oh^ervrng  that  the 
southern  point  of  the  State  is  at  W  i  m.  southeast  of  L  ;  that  the  breadth  of 
the  State  is  5  m.  from  0  to  R  ;  and  that  tlie  point  S  is  t  m.  cast  of  B. 

Complete  the  map  by  marking  the  -Mountains,  Sivers.  etc. 


34 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON   XXXI. 
REVIEW    QUESTIONS. 

Name  the  rivere  of  Virginia— of  West  Virginia.  In  what  directions  do 
they  flow'?  Wliich  nreboundiirj-  rivers?  Name  the  ohipf  cities  in  Virginia — 
in  Wpat  \'irginia — in  Maryland — in  Delaware.  Bound  Delaware— Marj-land — 
Virginia — West  Virginia. 

In  what  direction  from  Washington  is  Richmond '!  Baltimore  t  MTieel- 
ingt  Oswego?  What  large  cities  are  almost  in  a  straight  line  between 
Washington  and  New  Ilnven  ? 

WTiat  capes  at  tlie  mouth  of  Chesapeake  Bay?     Delaware  Bay? 
V/icrc  fire  they  tiiuiiled? 

Rivers; — Potomac,  MnnoiigalK-la,  Great  Kanawha, 

James,      Shenandoah,        Rapj)ahaiinock,  Little  Kanawlia. 

Cities  : — Baltimore,    'Washinqton,     Richmond,    Wilmington, 
Petersburg,   Norfolk,  Wheelixo,    t'iiarleston. 

Pl^YSICi^L  4ND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRi^PHY. 

1.  DELAWARE  is  level;  its  principal  agricultural  produc- 
tions ai>'  wheat  :iii(l  peaches. 

2.  Its  chief  city  is  Wilmington,  which  is  celebrated  for  its 
manufactures;  its  car-works  are  the  largest  in  the  United  States. 

3.  MARYLAND  is  level  in  the  6afit,  and  mouBtainous  in  the 

west. 

4.  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA,  on  the  Maryland 
shore  of  the  Potomac,  contains  Washington,  the  capital  of  the 
United  States. 

5.  VIRGINIA  is  mountainous  in  the  west;  its  surface  slopes 
toward  the  Chesa])eake  Bay :  its  valleys,  especially  that  of  the  Shen- 
aiuloali.  are  noted  for  their  fertility. 


6.  WEST  VIRGINIA  is  mountainous  in  thfeeast;  its  sur- 
face slopes  toward  the  Ohio  Eiver. 

7.  The  principal  products  of  Maryland,  Virginia,  and 
West  Virginia  are  coal,  iron,  toliacc",  and  grain;  and  their  chief 
cities — Baltimore,  Richmond,  and  Wlieeling — are  celebrated  for 
their  mannfacturea  and  commerce.  Baltimore  is  one  of  the  largest 
cities  in  the  Union. 

COMPARATIVE    SIZES,    ETC. 

Virginia  is  a  little  larger  than  Portugal. 

Richmond  has  about  the  same  population  as  Quet)ec,  52,000. 

If  you  draw  a  circle  of  100  miles  radius  around  Washington,  over  or  near 
what  three  large  cities  will  it  pass  ? 

IjISTORlCJ^L    GEOGR^PI^Y. 

1.  The  first  English  settlement  in  the  United  States  was 
Jamestown,  in  \'irginia  (ItJOTj. 

2.  The  settlers  suffered  much  from  famine,  disease,  and  the 
hostilities  of  the  Indians. 

3.  In  the  French  and  Indian  war,  Washington,  then  a 
young  man,  distinguished  himself;  by  his  skill  a:ul  bravery,  he 
saved  Braddock's  army  (Enghsh)  from  ruin  (175.5). 

4.  In  the  Revolution,  Virginia  contributed  largely  to  the 
success  of  the  iimcrican  Union. 

5.  The  Presidents  of  the  United  States  who  were  natives  of 
Virginia  were  Washington,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  IJarrison, 
Tyler,  and  Taylor. 

6.  West  Virginia  formed  a  part  of  Virginia  until  18G3. 

7.  Maryland  was  settled  by  emigrants  from  England  (1634) ; 
Delaware,  by  Swedes  and  Finns  (1638). 


Ohservp  that  New  York,  in  extent  from  east  to  west,  is  the  same  as  Kan- 
sas— 100  miles ;  and  that  the  distance  from  its  northern  boundary  to  Penn- 
sylvania and  Connecticut  is  equal  to  the  width  of  Kansas — 200  miles. 

49fi  niiU-^.  or  Itt  hoare  bv  railroad. 
;l 1 l_ 


Observe  that  Pennsyh-ania  is  abont  ^00  miles  from  east  to  west  ;  that  in 
extent  from  north  to  south  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  are  equal  to  each 
other,  and  both  together  are  almost  the  same  as  Kansas — ^300  miles. 


Observe  that  the  width  of  Virginia,  from  north  to  south,  is  the  same  a.s 
that  of  Kansas — 200  miles  ;  and  that  the  length  of  Virginia  is  but  little  more 
than  that  of  Kansas — 400  miles. 


Sfff^es  compared  nith   each   other,    by  ptacinff  f/iem   on  KAJVSAS,    AS  A   COMMOJV  MBASU^I^  OH 
I'HA.Mi:.  which  is  tiere  represe?ited  by  the  oblonffs  enclosed  in  dotted  lines.     {See  foot  of  page  29.) 


Observe  that  the  distance  between  the  eastern  part  of  Deleware  and  the 
western  part  of  West  Virginia  is  e<)ua]  to  the  length  of  Kansas — 400 
miles ;  and  that  the  length  of  Chesapeake  Bay  is  a  little  less  than  the  width 
of  Kansas — 200  miles. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


35 


RELIEF    MAP 

Of  a  part  of  the  ITnited  States,  showi7ig  the  Jace  of  the  country 
between  the  Mississippi  Hirer  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean — 
the  Appalachian  Mountain  System,  the  Atla?itic  Slope,  and 
part  of  the  Mississippi  Sasin, 


The  ptipila  wifl  jMihit  to 

llie  mountain  ranges  whicli  com- 
pose the  Appalachian  system,  and  trace  each  large 
river  from  its  source  to  its  month,  observing  the 
valley  which  is  drained  by  it. 

Obsett'e  the  slope  from  the  moontains  to 
the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  low, 
Bwampy  laud  near  the  coasts ;  also,  that  midway 
between  the  mountains  and  the  coast  there  is  a 
sudden  descent  of  the  surface.  At  this  line  are 
waterfalls  in  the  rivers,  also  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion ;  consequently,  cities  and  towns  were  built 
here  on  account  of  manufacturing  and  commercial 
facilities.  On  this  line  are  Richmond.  Peters- 
burg, Weldon,  Baleigh,  Colombia,  and  Augusta. 


Uoateith'a  Como.  Geog..  p.  36. 


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38 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


Direction. — The  maps  may  be  drawn  by  the  pupils  at  home,  and  examined 
by  the  teacher  the  next  day ;  or,  in  the  class-room,  on  their  slates ;  or,  in 
turn,  on  the  blackboard. 

M.'\P-D  RAWING. 

Begin  at  N,  and  draw  the  northern  boundaries  of  Tennessee  and  Arkansas, 
I  according  to  the  distances  shown  on  the  map. 

1         J  m.  south  nf  P,  mark  H  ;  also  K,  G,  and  R,  and  complete  the  boundaries 
I  of  Tennessee,  its  mnuntains  and  rivers. 

South  of  K,  mark  Q,  then  B  and  0,  and  complete  the  boundaries  of  Missis- 
sippi and  .\labama. 

Draw  the  western  boundaries  of  Arkansas  and  Louisiana,  beginning  at  U. 
The  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  is  in  a  line  with  E  and  Q. 

Complete  the  boundaries,  and  add  the  mountains,  rivers,  chief  cities,  etc. 


REVIEW    QUESTIONS. 

Which  of  these  five  States  have  no  sea-roast ':  Which  have  no  mountains  % 
\Vluch  are  partly  bounded  by  the  Mississippi  ?  Mention  the  other  boundary 
rivers      Mention  each  State,  nith  its  capital. 

)l'/irif  do /hry  rise?    In  tthal  <HretNont  do  they  fiofri^     mere  flo  fhey  empfr? 


Rivers :  - 


-Tennessee. 
Tombigby, 
Yazoo, 


Cuinberland, 

Arkansas. 

Alabama, 


Red, 

Mobile, 

Sabine, 


Pearl, 

White, 

Cooca. 


Cities  :— 
New  Orleans, 
Memphis, 
Mobile, 


tt^ere  nre  ihey  ? 

Nashtille,       Montgomery.  Baton  Rouge, 

Vicksburg,         Natchez,  Selma, 

Little  Rock,    Knoxville,  Jacksok. 


PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE 
GEOGRAPI^Y, 

(For  face  of  the  country,  see  re- 
lief map  on  pages  ;W  and  49.) 

1.  All  these  States  arc 
celebrated  for  cotton  and  com. 

Timber  is  also  abundant. 

2.  TENNESSEE  is  moun- 
tainous in  the  east,  elevated  and 
rolling  in  the  middle,  and  flat 
in  the  west. 

3.  East  Tennessee  is  a  rich  mining  district; 
iron,  copper,  coal,  and  iiiarhlc  aro  abundant. 

4.  In  the   middle   and  west;   cotton,  com, 
tobacco,  and  live  stock  are  largely  luised. 

■">.  ARKANSAS  is  rich  in  mmerals,  timber,  and  prairie  lands. 

<i.  ALABAMA  produces  timber  m  the  south,  cotton  in  the  I 
middk-,  and  livr  .-totk  in  the  north.     (See  p.  98.) 

:.  MISSISSIPPI  IS  noted  especially  for  cotton,  and  Loui.-^i- 
ana  and  Florida  for  sugar  and  tropical  fruits — oranges,  lemons,  ligs, 
etc. ',  these  States  have  extensive  forests  and  swamps. 

8.  Nevr  Orleans,  the  largest  city  in  the  Union  south  of  Bal- 
timore, is  the  principal  cotton  market  in  the  south.  During  a 
freshet,  the  Mississippi  is  higher  than  the  streets  of  the  city,  requir- 
ing dikes  or  levees  to  prevent  inundation. 

0.  Mobile,  the  largest  city  in  Alabama,  is  an  important  cotton 
market.  Among  the  advantages  of  its  sittiation  are  its  means  of 
communication  by  sea  and  rivers. 

10.  The  other  large  cities  in  these  States  are  Memphis, 
Nashville,  and  Natchez. 

11.  New  Orleans  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  Cairo  (Egypt). 


HISTORICi^L  GEOGRAPI^Y.  | 

1.  ARKANSAS  and  LOUISIANA  were  settled   by  the 
French,  and  formed  jiart  of  the  large  tract  called  Louisiana,  which  | 
extended  to  British  America  and  the  Pacific  Ocean-       The  pur- 
chase of  this  tract  from  France  gave  to  the  United  States  fiill  con- 
trol of  the  Mississippi  River. 

2.  ALABAMA  and  MISSISSIPPI  were  first  visited  by  i 
Spaniards,  under  De  Soto  (about  1540).  in  search  of  gold,  without  I 
success.     De  Soto  died,  and  was  buried  in  the  Mississippi  River. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


39 


FLORIDA. 

Diaw  the  northern  boundary  to  correspond  with  the 
southern  boundaries  of  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

AVhat  river  forms  the  northeastern  bouudarj-  of  Flori- 
da? In  what  .swamp  does  the  St.  Mary's  Kiver  riseV 
Draw  St.  Mary's  River  and  locate  Okefenoke  Swamp 
What  town  in  Florida  opposite  the  moutli  of  the  St. 
Mary's  River?  Is  Fernandina  on  the  mainland?  Locate 
Fernandina.  AVhat  river  forms  the  northwestern  boun- 
dary of  Florida  ?  A  few  miles  east  of  it  8  mouth  isthe  larg- 
est city  in  the  western  part  of  Florida.    Xaine  and  locate  it. 

What  two  rivers  from  Georgia  meet  on  the  northern 
boundary  of  Florida?  What  river  is  formed  by  them? 
Draw  them  W'liat  town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Appalach 
icola  River?  Locate  It,  and  draw  the  coast  line  between 
it  and  the  western  uoandary  of  Florida. 

Mark  Cape  Satle  2  ms.  a  little  east  of  south  from  the 
mouth  of  St.  Marys  Kiver. 

Mark  N  on  Tampa  Bay  1  ni.  south  of  C.  Draw  Tampa 
Bay  and  the  coast  line  to  Appalachicola  and  Cape  Sable. 

Mark  Cajjc  Canaveral  J  m.  northeast  of  Tampa  Bay, 
and  draw  the  coast  line  from  the  mouth  of  St.  Marj''s 
Ri  ver  to  Cape  Sable.     Complete  the  map. 


REVIEW    QUESTIONS. 

yy^ere  are  theyP 

Capes  : — Sable,    Florida,    Canaveral,    St.  Bias. 

Rivers : — ^St.  John's,    Appalachicola,    Suwanee. 

Cities : — Jacksonville,   Pensacola,   Fernandina, 
Tallahassee,  St.  Augustine,  Appalachicola. 


PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOCRAPl^Y. 

1 .  Florida  is  remarkable  for  its  low, 
marshy  surface,  and  its  tropical  climate :  it 
is  a  celebrated  winter  resort  for  invalids  from 

the  north. 

2.  Its  forests  are  extensive,  and  yield 
live  oak  timber,  which  is  valuable  for  ship- 
Imilding. 

Among  the  productions  are  cot- 
ton, com,  oranges,  lemons,  bananas,  etc. 

4.  Alligators,  turtles,  fish,  and  wild  fowl  are  abun. 
dant. 

5.  Jacksonville  and  Pensacola  are  the  largest 
cities  in  Florida,  and  St.  Augustine  is  the  oldest  city  in 

the  United  State.?. 

6.  Florida  and  Kansas  are  the  same  in  length— 
400  miles.     (See  p.  98.) 

T.  Florida  was  settled  by  Spaniards  (in  1505),  and  was  purchased  from  Sjwin 

by  the  United  States  (1820). 


TI^E  UKE  ^ND  CENTRAL  STi^TES. 

1.  The  Lake  and  Central  States  lie  in  the  northern 

half  of  the  Union,  just  east  of  its  center.     (vSee  next  page.) 

2.  They  border  on  the  Mississippi,  the  Ohio,  and  the 
Great  Lakes. 

3.  Mountains  are  in  the  eastern  part  of  Kentucky  and 
southern  jiart  of  Mis.?oun,  and  high  land  in  Minnesota. 

4.  These  States  are  remarkable  for  their  rich  prairie 
land  and  their  rapid  growtli  in  population  and  wealth. 

5.  The  people  are  engaged  mainly  in  agriculture,  manu- 
factures, and  stock-raising. 

OI^IO,  INDIP4,  AND  KENTUCKY. 

Draw  the  eastern  boundary  of  Oil  in  from  A  to  F  i  m.;  then  draw 
the  western,  U  m.  west  of  the  eai5tern,  from  E  to  0,  i  ni. ;  nest,  E  D 
i  m.  and  Lake  Et'ie  {  wide.  Find  the  point  Kim.  south  of  B,  and 
draw  the  Ohio  River,    Complete  the  State. 

iom  ImJiaim  to  Ohio  hy  drawing  its  northern 
boundary  with  Lake  Michii/dtt  J  m.  from  E  to  F; 
its  western,  J  m.  from  F  to  G  ;  the  Wahnsh  Hirer 
;  m  from  G  to  H  ;  and  the  Ohio  Hirer  from  0  to  H.  •£ 

Draw  Ketituekji  by  measuring  i  m.  from  0  south 
to  N.  Mark  the  southern  boundary  l",  m.  from  M  to 
P,  the  Tennessee  Hirer  :  and  \  m.  from  P  to  S,  the 
Mitisissippi  River.  Locate  the  principal  rivers, 
mountains,  etc.,  as  in  the  other  maps. 


w 


T  the  name*  of  thncp  rlt1«  rnitl  towo'i  ivpreeeuted  on  tbe  nups  by  iiombttra,  «e«  ^gv  103. 


c 


41 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  ON  OljIO,  INDIANA,  AND  KENTUCKY. 

Mentiou  the  bonndury  rivers  ot  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  KentuckT,  What 
mets  flow  into  the  Ohio  River  Y  Into  Uke  Erie  ?  Mention  the  Intrat  cities 
on  Lake  Erie — m\  the  Oliio  River, 

ifhtye  itn  Ih^?   (See  Note,  page  ISO 

Rivers:— Ohio,  Cumberland,        Wnbash,  Scioto, 

Kentucky,        Slaiimee,  Big  Sandy,        Miami. 

Cities:— Cincinnati,         Louisville,     Clevelanil,      Dayton, 
Indianapolis,  Columbus,    Covington,     Toledo, 
Terre  Haute,      BTansville,    Fort  Wayne,  Frankfoet, 
Newport,  Lexington,    New  Albany,  Sandusky. 

PljYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOCRi^PHY, 

1.  OHIO  and  INDL4.NA  are  rich  in  tbeir  agricultural  ano 
mauufacturcd  |.rodiHt,-i :  tlieir  trade,  which  is  very  extensive,  >  by 
way  of  th.-  lakes,  tbe  Ohio  River,  eamds  and  railroads, 

8,  They  produce  com,  wheat,  hay,  and  wool,  in  abniidnuce, 

3,  KENTUCKY  is  high  in  tbe  southeast,  and  low  in  the  north 
and  west.    It  .jxcels  every  other  .State  in  the  culture  of  tobacco. 

*■  Its  forests  produce  excellent  timber;  and  on  its  grassy 
bacte,  horses,  mules,  and  cattle  are  extensively  raised. 

5,  Coal  is  abundant  in  Kentucky,  Ohio,  and  Indiana. 

iJ.  The  largest  cities  in  these  States  are  t-'iuciunati,  Louis- 
ville, and  Cleveland,  all  admii-ably  situated  for  trade.  Cincinnati, 
Uke  Chicago,  has  an  extensive  pork  trade. 

HISTORICAL  GEOGRAPIjY. 

1.  KENTUCKT,  at  first  a  part  of  the  Territory  of  Virginia, 
was  explored  liy  Daniel  Bonne,  just  before  the  Revolution, 

t.  OHIO  and  INDIANA  were  first  explored  and  claimed 
by  the  French, 

3.  The  first  white  inhabitants  of  these  three  States  were 
greatly  annoyed  by  tbe  Inilians. 

4,  Victories  over  the  Indians  were  won  by  Generals  Wayne 
and  Hanisou. 

COMPARATIVE    SIZES. 


Indiana  is  a  little  lar^ 
than  Ireland. 

Cincinnati  hits  a  larger  ' 
popalation  than  Hamburg  i 
(Cermauyj— 2lH),00y. 

From  Cincinnati  a3  a  centre, 
describe  a  cinde  of  100  inllee  ra- 
dius ;  it  will  i>as8  through  Colum- 
bus and  Indianapolis,  and  very 
near  Louisville. 

(tbserve  that  Ohio  and  Kan- 
sa-s.  f[>>to  north  to  south,  are  tlio  j. 
same  — 200  miles  ;  that  Ohio  and  1 
Indiana  together  are  nearly  the  .1 
L-  OS  Kansa-s  in  extent  from  *^ 
■  ost  to  west — iOO  miles. 

ftbuerre  that  Kentucky  is  the 
Hanie  in  length  as  Kansas,  and  al- 
.list  the  same  in  width. 


MAP-DRAWI  NG. 
r  Mill,  !./■  /Iti(io(<,  jJli«."i<i-i,  and  intra. 


KntiMs,  tbe  maunon  isvaent«. 


tlin^tr.!  nn  i-aar   tfll. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


( 

1 

*  ■ 

;y« 

!f/:^C4l 

V 

1 

1    ' 

4 ' 

Wheat  and  Cattie. 


Minnrhaha   Faiis,  Minnesot.i 


Corn  and  Skffp. 


REVIEW    QUESTIONS 


Mention  the  boundary  rivers  of  Illinois,  Missouri,  and  Iowa — the  largest 
river  in  each  of  these  three  States — the  capital  of  each  State.  Which  of  their 
cities  are  on  the  Mississippi  KivirV  Where  are  the  lead  mines?  The  iron 
mines '.'  From  St.  Louis  to  Chicago,  how  many  miles  V  IIuw  many  hours  by 
raili-oad ''. 

Easkaskia,  Bock, 

I'owa. 


Rivers : — Illinois, 
(Isago, 

Cities  : — St.  Louis, 
Davenport. 
Quincy, 


h'here  are  they? 

Des  Moines, 
Red  Cedar, 

Chicago,        Kansas  City, 
St.  Joseph,       Dubuque. 
Bloominjrton,  Burlington, 


Peoria, 

Spkinofield, 
Des  Moines. 


PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  IliLINOIS  is  remarkable  for  its  fertile  soil  and  its  facilities 
for  trade  by  lake,  rivers,  canals,  and  railroads. 

2.  Its  products  are  abundant,  consisting  chiefly  of  grain,  hay, 
live  stock,  liinilnr.  coal,  lead,  and  copper. 

3.  Illinois  excels  in  the  production  of  com,  wheat  and  oats. 

4.  Navigation  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  lakes  is  carried 
on  by  way  of  the  Illinois  River  and  a  canal  which  connects  it  with 
Lake  Michigan. 

6.  The  largest  city  in  Illinois  is  Chicago,  which  is  re- 
markable for  its  rapid  growth  and  its  immense  trade  in  grain,  pro- 
visions, and  lumber. 

Among  the  advantages  of  its  site  are  its  fine  harbor  near  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Michigan,  and  its  facilities  for  receiving  and  forwarding  the 
products  of  n  rii-h  section  of  country  near  it. 

0.  MISSOURI  has  fertile  prairie  land  in  the  north,  and  rich 
minerals  in  the  soutli. 

7.  The  leading  products  are  com,  hemp,  lumber,  live  stock, 
iron,  lead,  zinc,  and  copper.  « 

8.  The  largest  city  is  St.  Louis,  noted  for  commerce  and 
manufactures :  Kansas  City  and  St.  Joseph,  on  the  Missouri  River 
and  important  railroads,  are  the  largest  cities  in  the  western  part  of 
the  State. 


!t.  IOWA  consists  mostly  of  lich  prairie  land. 
II).  Its  principal  products  are  grain,  grass,  live  stock,  wool, 
coal  and  lead. 

11.  Railroads  to  tlie  Pacific  pass  through  I'owa  and  Missouri. 

12.  The  largest  cities  in  Liwa  are  Dubuque  and  Daven|)ort. 

COMPARATIVE    SIZES,    ETC. 

Missouri  is  larger  than  Maine.  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  Rhode  Island  combined.    Iowa  is  larger  than  England. 

If  you  describe  a  circle  of  175  miles  radius  around  Terre  Haute,  it  will 
pass  near  the  three  great  cities  of  the  West.     Name  them. 


Observe  that  Iowa  and  Kansas  are  the  same 
in  width — 200  miles,  and  that  the  length  and 
breadth  of  Illinois  are  nearly  the  same  as  those  of 
Kansas— 200  by  400  miles. 


HISTORICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  ILLINOIS  was  settled  by  the  French  (in  1G73),  ceded  to 
England  (in  1703),  and  came  into  the  possession  of  the  United 
States  govemment,  at  the  Revolution. 

2.  MISSOURI  and  IOWA  formed  part  of  the  Louisiana 
tract  iiureluusid  from  France  by  the  United  States  (in  1803). 

3.  The  oldest  to"WTi  in  Missouri  is  St.  Genevieve ;  in  I'owa, 
Burlington.  When  Chicago  was  organized  as  a  town,  in  1833,  it 
contained  only  5.50  inhabitants.  Now  it  is  the  fifth  city,  in  size,  in 
the  Union. 


TO   DR4W   1{ 


Form  the  square  C  N  I  F,  each  side  H  m. 
long,  and  subdivide  into  four  squares.  Draw 
the  Strait  of  Mackinaw,  Lake»  Midi- 
i(/aii,Uui-oii,Sf.  Clair,  and  Krie ;  then 
the  southern  boundary.  At  S,  i  m.  north  of 
___  the  Strait   of  Muckinaiv, 

■*^-^  ...     J  fix  the   southeastern   extremity 

of  Luhe  Siiju-rior ;  thence 
IJ  west  to  the  western  extrem- 
ity, K,  and  draw  Lake  Supe- 
rior, noticing  that  tlie  north- 
ern coast  at  R  is  north  of  the  west 
coast  of XrftA-e  Miehif/un. 


REVIEW   QUESTIONS. 

Mention  the  boundary  lakes — rivers.  What  great  river  rises  in  Minnesota  ? 
What  rivers  flow  toward  the  north  ?  Where  is  the  copper  region  ?  Where 
are  the  lead  miuea  V 

A  canal  around  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary,  and  another  cwinerting  the  Wisconsin 
and  fox  Bivers  at  Portage  City,  afford  communication  by  steamboat  between  the 
Oreat  Lakes  and  the  Misdnsippi  River. 

How  can  you  sail  from  St.  Louis  to  Chicago  ?  From  Chicago  to  Cincinnati  t 
From  Chicago  to  St.  Paul  ? 

JfAere  are  Ihe^f 

Lakes : — Superior,       Michigan,       Huron,       Erie,       St.  Clair. 

Rivers : — Minnesota,        Kalamazoo,        Wisconsin,        Grand, 
lied  River  of  the  North,    Saginaw,  DL'troit,  St.  Clair. 

Cities : — Detroit,  Milwaukee,      St.  Paul,      Grand  Rapids, 

Minneapolis,    Oshkosh,  Racine,  Madison, 

Fond  du  Lac,   East  Saginaw,  Jackson,         Lansing. 

PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

\.  MICHIGAN,    WISCONSIN,    and    MINNESOTA 

have  vast  forests  in  the  north,  and  fertile  prairie  land  in  the  south, 
and  are  rich  in  lumber  and  wheat;  wool  is  also  largely  produced. 

2.  Copper  and  iron  are  alnindant  near  Lake  Superior. 

3.  The  commerce  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  is  extensive, 
owing  to  the  facilities  afforded  by  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  ilissis- 
sippi  River;  and  an  important  railroad  will  soon  be  built  througli 
Minnesota  from  Lake  Superior  to  the  Pacific. 

4.  The  Climate  of  Jfinncsota  is  remarkable  for  its  dryness. 

5.  The  largest  city  in  Michigan  is  Detroit;  and  in  Wiscon- 
sin, Milwaukee,  whose  trade  and  manufactures  are  considerable. 

6.  St.  Paul  is  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Mississippi. 


7.  MICHIGAN  and  WISCONSIN,  like  Illinois,  were  first 

held  bv  tht>  Frcufh.  and  afterward  by  the  English. 

8.  MICHIGAN  suffered  much  from  incursions  and  massacres 

by  the  Indians.  In  the  second  war  Detroit  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  British  (1812) ;  but  both  the  Indians  and  British  were  soon 
after  defeated  by  General  Harrison. 

COMPARATIVE    SIZES. 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota  have  an  area  almost  equal 
to  that  of  the  Gennan  Empire. 
They  are  in  the  same  latitude  as  France. 


^•nniMrs 


cnifartd  with  Kaiuat.      (See  /'gri  s8  and  7g.^ 
Oh.tirrc  that  Minnesota,  Michigan,  and  Kansas  are  the  same  in  length — 
400  miles ;  that  the  extreme  breadth  of  Michigan  is  400  miles  ;  and  that  the 
breadth  of  the  southern  peninsula  is  the  same  as  that  of  Kansas — 200  miles. 


Ni.3 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


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46 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


47 


MONTEITH'S    RELIEF    MAP    Of  tlie    UNITED    STATES 


PACIFIC    OCEAN 


MISSISSIPPI    RIVER. 


c 


Obxervv    tlmt     ibe 

Ilockj-    MounUiiiia 

aluioat  midway  lictweon 

tho   Pacific    Coast  and 

the    Mississippi    Hiver, 

ftnd  (hat    far  up  their 

Bidea  are  the  sources  of 

niiiuepaus  streama  and 

rivors. 

The  wat«ra  of  some  of  these  rivers  find 

their  way  to  the  Gulf  of  Meiico  ;  and  of 

otliers.  to  the  Pacific  Oceau. 

For  aMtfvra  to  iheae  question*,  reftr  to 
the  Relief  Map,  and  to  the  Map  of  the 
United  States. 

Mention  the  largest  rivers  which  flow 
toward  theOulf.— towarf  the  Pacific. 

Mention  the  largest  river  which  rises 
in  the  Hoclty  Mountains. 

Menti-m  (he  largest   tributaries  of  the 
if  the  Ctdumbia. 

Obscri^e.  that  the  sources 
of  these  two  rivers  are  very 
near  each  other. 

\\'lmt  very  high  peak  near 
the  center  of  Colorado? 

What  is  the  height  of 
Pike's  Peak? 

14,500  feet  above  the 
tetel  of  (he  xea. 

What  high  peak  in  the 
western  part  of  Wyoming? 
In  the  northern  part  of  Col- 
oradu? 

In  what  part  of  Dakota ' 
and  Wyoming  are  the  Black 
aais  ?  Where  are  the  Sie^ 
Itt  Nevadas  ? 

What  18  the  height  of 
the  Sierra  Nevadaa  t 

Ass.  About  15j)00  feet 
ahope  thf  letd  of  the  taa. 

What  is  the  high(^  peak 
of  these  niountuins  T 
Ans.    Mount  Whitney. 
What  is  the  bi^^he-st  moun- 
tain in  the  United  States! 
Am8.    Mount  WhUnef/. 
Where  is  Mt.  Whitney  ? 
What  is  ita  eleva- 
tion above  the  level 
of  the  sea  V 
Ams.  ]f.,oSGfeet. 
Where  is  Mount 
Shasta?    Mt.  Hood? 
Where  is  the  Cos- 
cade  Uange  ?  Mount 
St.  Helens  ? 

Which     of     the 

States    repre-iented 

on  tliis  Belief  Map  I 

are  best  supplied  with  lakes?  j 

Wliat    and    where    is   the 

largest     lake     west    of    the 

Rocky  Mountains  ? 

What  important  city  near 
It?  What  railruod  passes 
Oreut  Salt  Lake? 

Mention  some  of  the  lakes 
which  have  no  outlets. 

What  small  valley  <)r  gorge 
In  the  eastern  part  of  Call- 
fomia  ? 

For  what  ia  Tosemite  Val- 
ley celebrated?  A»b  ^«" 
Ou  grandeur  of  it*  mtMry. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


51 


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32 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


'TV'^'*^- 


Kjranu  i  t 


Pl^YSlCAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  The  characteristics  of  Mexico  are  its  great  mountain 
chain,  liigh  plateaus,  volearioes,  sliort  rivei-s,  silver  mines,  and  tropi- 
cal products. 

2.  Its  climate  and  productions  vary  with  the  elevation.  (See 
page  G,  paragraph  28.) 

3.  Along  the  coasts,  the  climate  is  hot  and  pestilential ;  and 
on  the  high  grounds,  temperate  and  cold. 

4.  The  products  of  the  trojiical  regions  are  indigo,  sugar,  cot- 
ton, tobacco,  orange:;,  etc. ;  and  of  the  temperate  region.s,  corn  and 
wheat     Cochineal  is  an  important  article  of  export 

5.  The  seasons  in  the  southern  half  of  Mexico  are  two — ^the 
rainy  (in  summer),  and  the  dry  (in  winter). 

0.  The  inhabitants  are  Indians,  Creoles,  and  mixed  races. 

Note.— The  population  of  Mexico  is  9,000,000,  oue-lialf  ofwhom  are  In- 
dians or  native  Mexiran.i.  The  Creoles  are  native  whites  of  Spanish  descent ; 
they  t.re  chc  wealthy  and  influential  class,  and  fomi  one-sixth  of  the  popula- 
tion. They  inhabit  the  table-lands.  They  liavc  a  dark  complexion,  black 
hair  and  eyes.     The  Indians  constitute  the  laboring  class. 

7.  The  Government,  which  is  repubhcan,  is  very  unsettled, 
owing  to  revolutions. 

8.  Education  of  the  masses  has  long  been  neglected,  but  is 
now  receiving  more  attention. 

9.  The  better  classes  are  verj'  gay ;  and  all,  male  and  female, 
are  fond  of  sinokiiig. 

10.  The  ■wild  animals  of  the  hot  region  are  the  jaguar 
{jag-v-ahr')  and  puma;  and  on  the  northern  plains,  roam  im- 
mense numbers  of  bison,  cattle,  and  horses. 


a,  .i./.j,    I  ,i.>u-.i' iJt  itttd  f^oixrnmcnt  buildings. 

11.  The  City  of  Mexico,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  a  jjlateau 
more  than  7,000  feet  alxive  the  level  of  tiie  .sea.  It  is  tlie  largest 
city  in  the  country,  and  has  a  population  about  equal  to  that  of 
Cincinnati  or  New  Orleans  (200,000). 

]  2.  Central  America  resembles  Mexico  in  its  characteristics 
and  inhabitants. 

13.  It  comprises  five  republics — tiuatemala,  San  Salvador, 
ilonduras,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Rica. 

HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPI^Y. 

1.  MEXICO  vras  discovered  by  Cordova,  in  1.517 ;  and  two 
years  afterward  it  was  con(H  ered  Ijy  Cortez,  and  remained  in  pos- 
session of  the  Spaniards  about  300  years,  or  until  it  became  a 
republic  (in  1821). 

2.  Many  other  Spaniards  afterward  entered  Mexico,  and 
acquired  great  wialtli  iVoin  ll)c  gold  and  silver  mines. 

3.  The  natives  were  well  advanced  in  the  arts  of  civilization. 

4.  Mexico  formerly  extended  north  to  Oregon,  and  east  to 
Louisiana. 

.").  Texas  declared  itself  free  from  Mexico,  and  was  after^vard 
admitted  into  the  Union.  War  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico  soon  followed.  The  Americans  were  commanded  by  Gen- 
eral Scott,  and  the  Mexicans  by  General  Santa  Anna ;  tlie  lurnier 
were  victorious,  and  Mexico  ceded  to  the  United  States,  California, 
Nevada.  Utah,  and  New  Mexico,  for  |il5,000,000. 

0.  Mexico  was  invaded  by  the  French  army  in  18C3,  and 
Maximilian,  of  Austria,  became  emperor.  He  was  soon  taken  and 
shot,  and  the  republic  was  re-established. 


..tl^^l 


-/      -3. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


53 


Providence   Islandy   is   the  seat  of  government  of  the  Bahamas, 
and  a  heaith/ui  climate.      It  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 


THE   WEST    INDIES. 

Name  the  largest  of  the  West  Indies.  What  group 
north  of  Cuba  V  East  of  tlie  Carihbe'an  Sea  ?  In  what 
zone  is  Cuba?  What  water  between  Cuba  and  Yuca- 
tan ?    Cuba  and  Harti  ?     Hayti  and  Porto  Kico  ? 

Into  what  two  parts  is  Hayti  divided  V 

What  is  tlie  capital  of  Cuba?  Of  the  Republic  of 
Hayti?     Of  the  Kei)ublic  of  Dominica?     Of  Jamaica? 

Mention  some  of  tlie  Bahamas, — the  Car  ibbee  Island;^ 

PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPI^Y, 

1 .  The  WEST  INDIES  include  :i!l  i\w 
islands  which  extend  from  Florida,  southeast- 
wardly  to  South  America. 

2.  The  largest  are  Cuba,  Hayti  (hay'te). 
Jamaica,  and  Porto  Rico  {meaning  rich  port). 

3.  The  West  Indies  are  celebrated  for 
their  JKjt  climate,  destructive  liui-ricanes  and 
earthquakes.  ^^^^„^  „  ^^„  ^  ^^ 

Note. — Hurricanes  are  most  frequent  in  August,  September,  and  October. 
The  Great  Antilles  {ahn-teei)  comprise  Cuba,  Hayti,  Jamaica,  and  Porto  Riso. 

4.  The  climate  is  dry  in  winter ;  rainy  and  unhealt'hftii  in 
summer,  when  yelldW  fever  is  prevalent;  snow  is  unknown. 

5.  The  productions,  which  are  abundant,  include  sugar, 
coffee,  toljacco,  cotton,  corn,  mahogany,  dye-woods,  drugs,  pine- 
apples, oranges,  and  bananas.     The  soil  is  cultivated  by  negroes. 

6.  The  inhabitants  are  whites,  negi-oes,  and  mulattoes,  and 
the  languages  spoken,  Spanish,  French,  and  English. 

7.  Fish,  turtles,  parrots,  reptiles,  and  insects  are  numerous. 

8.  The  most  important  city  is  Havana,  which  is  noted  for 
its  exportation  of  sugar,  molasses,  tobacco,  and  cigars. 

9.  The  population  of  Cuba  is  equal  to  that  of  Massachu- 
setts (about  1,400,000).     The  whites  are  of  Spanish  descent. 

10.  To  Great  Britain  belong  Jamaica,  the  Baliamas,  Barbae 
does,  St.  Vincent,  Trinidad,  and  Antigua. 

11.  To  Spain  belong  Culia,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  Isle  of  Pines. 

12.  To  France  lielong  Guadaloupe  and  Martinique. 

13.  To  Denmark  belong  St.  Thomas,  St.  John's,  and  Santa 
Cruz. 

A  circle  of  700  miles  raduis  drawn  around  New  Orleans  would  pass  near 
Havana,  Tampico,  Charleston,  Cincinnati,  and  Kansas  City. 

Ohsfri'f  that  the  Island  of  Hayti  is  almost  as  long-  as  Kansas,  and  that 
Cuba  is  twice  the  length  of  Ilayti.     (See  page  98.) 

I^ISTORICAL    GEOGRAPp. 

1.  The  WEST  INDIES  were  discovered  in  149^  (See  page 
19,  Lesson  XI.) 

2.  The  natives  hved  in  bark  huts,  and  obtained  their  food  by 
hunting  and  lishing.  They  were  nearly  all  killed  or  driven  from 
the  island.s  by  the  Spaniards. 

3.  Slavery  has  been  abolished,  except  in  the  Spanish  possessions. 

4.  Cviba  lias  belonged  to  Spain  ever  since  its  discoveiy  by 
Columbu.s. 

5.  On  the  Island  of  Hayti  or  San  Domingo  was  founded 
the  first  Spanish  colony  in  America. 

G.  That  Island  now  comprises  two  republics,  whose  in- 
habitants are  mostly  negroes  and  mulattoes.  The  repultlic  of  Havti 
occupies  the  western  part,  where  the  French  language  is  spoken,  and 
Dominica  the  remaining  part,  where  Spanish  is  sjioken. 


//  Aas  a  good  harbaf 


TOPICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

Note. — These  exercises  may  be  used  orally  or  made  the  subjects  for  com- 
position ;  and,  if  the  teacher  wi.sh,  he  may  require  the  pupils  to  draw  the  State 
on  the  blackboard,  and,  in  turn,  to  mark  the  places  when  tliey  are  mentioned. 
These  questions  may  also  be  ap))lied  to  any  other  State. 

The  State  j'ou  live  in  : — Between  what  parallels  of  latitade  is  it  ?  What 
are  its  boundaries  ?  What  can  you  say  of  its  size  ?  Its  shape  ?  Surface  ? 
Productions?     Manufactures?     Rivers?     Principal  cities?     History? 

NoRTu  America. — In  what  zones  ?  Mention  its  countries— capes— in- 
lets— lakes — principal  rivers.  What  can  you  say  of  its  mountains— sur- 
face— climates — r.ain— dry  regions— frozen  regions — agricultural  products 
— mining— fisheries  ?  Which  coast  is  best  adapted  to  commerce  ?  Wiy  ? 
Mention  its  largest  cities.  AVhich  are  noted  for  commerce  ?  Manufactures? 
What  parts  of  North  America  are  noted  for  cotton — oranges  and  lemons — 
gold  and  silver?  What  State  is  especially  rich  in  grain,  gold,  and  quick- 
silver ?  In  silver  ?  What  States  are  noted  for  copper  ?  Lead  ?  Coal  and 
iron  ?  Lumber  ?  Corn  anti  wheat  ?  What  State  excels  in  shipbuilding  ? 
Commerce?  Wliat  Territories  abound  in  gold  and  silver?  What  two 
cities  are  noted  for  their  trade  in  grain  and  pork  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  people  of  the  different  countries— their  color. 
habits,  dress,  language,  and  occupations  ?  Of  the  goveniment  and  history 
of  each  country  ? 

What  animals  are  in  the  northern  regions?  The  temperate?  The 
tropical  ? 

■\Vliat  and  why  is  the  difierence  between  the  climates  of  the  Pacific 
coast  and  those  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States  and  British 
America?  What  State  is  celebrated  for  great  trees?  What  is  the  princi- 
pal seaport  on  the  Atlantic  coast  ?  On  the  Pacific  coast ;  What  are  some 
of  the  advantages  of  their  situation  ?  How  does  New  York  compare  in 
population  with  London  ?    With  Berlin  ? 

Why  is  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States  so  well  watered?  Why  is 
the  land  east  of;';  •  Sierra  Nevada  dry  and  barren? 

From  what  States  and  islands  do  we  get  sugar  ?  What  city  is  noted  for 
its  export  of  sugar  and  cigars  ?     Of  gold  ?     Of  cotton  ? 

What  part  of  Jlexico  is  healthy  ?  Unhealthy  ?  Why  ?  Where  are  its 
cities— on  the  highljiml  or  lowland?  What  season  is  the  best  in  which  to 
visit  the  West  Indies  ?     Why  ? 

What  parts  of  North  America  belong  to  Great  Britain?  To  Denmark? 
What  islands  belong  to  Spain  ? 

Wlicrc  are  seals,  turtles,  cod,  and  mackerel  caught  ?  What  do  you 
know  of  them  .ind  their  uses? 

Wliat  advantages  for  trade  have  Chicago  and  Buffalo  ? 

What  three  Atlantic  States  have  no  mountains  ?  What  Gulf  States  bare 
no  moiuitains  ? 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


5S 


SOdTH    AMERICA 


1.  SOUTH  AMERICA  lies  chiefly  in  the  Torrid  Zone.    Its 
southern  part  is  in  the  South  Temperate. 

2.  Its  area  is  equal  to   three-fourths  that  of  North  America. 

3.  Its  eastern  point  is  due  south  of  Cape  FareweU. 


4.  Its  western  point  is  directly  south  of  Cape  Sable  (Florida), 
and  its  northern  cajie  is  west  of  the  central  point  of  Africa. 

5.  Its  shape  is  triangular;   its  widest  part  being  from  Cape 
SL  Eo(/ie  to  the  northwestern  part  of  Peru. 


GENERAL    QUESTIONS 


What  coiintriea  are  crossed  by  the  Equator?  By  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ? 
What  countries  are  wholly  within  the  Torrid  Zone?  Within  the  South 
Temperate  Zone  1 

What  is  the  direction  of  the  coast  from  its  northern  to  its  eastern  cape? 
From  its  eastern  to  its  southern  cape  V 

By  what  oceans  and  sea  is  South  America  surrounded  ? 

What  mountains  extend  along  the  Pacific  coast?  The  Atlantic  coast? 
What  mountains  south  of  Venezuela  ?  In  the  western  part  of  Brazil '!  Wliat 
volcanoes  in  Ecuador?     Between  Chili  and  Argentine  Republic? 

Into  what  ocean  do  nearly  all  the  rivers  flow?  Xame  the  largest 
rivers. 

Name  the  largest  three  tributaries  of  the  Amazon  ?  Wliat  large  tributary 
has  the  Parana  ?  What  country  is  embraced  between  the  Parana  and  Para- 
guay rivers  ;     What  large  rivers  of  Brazil  flow  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 


Name  the  northern  cape — the  eastern — the  southern. 

WTiat  lake  west  of  Bolivia  ?     In  Venezuela  ? 

What  strait  between  Patagonia  and  Terra  del  Puego? 

What  countries  border  on  the  Atlantic?  On  the  Pacific?  On  the  Carib- 
bean Sea?     Wnat  country  has  no  sea-coast? 

To  what  three  nations  does  Guiana  belong?  Bound  Colombia, — Vene- 
zuela,— Guiaua, — Brazil, —  Ecuador, —  Peru, — Bolivia, — Paraguay, — Argentine 
Republic, — Uruguay, — Cliih, — Patagonia.     AVliat  is  the  capital  of  each  ? 

On  a  voyage  from  the  West  Indies  to  Rio  Janeiro,  what  countries  and 
prominent  capes  would  you  pass?  In  what  directions  would  you  sail  on  a 
voyage  from  Rio  Janeiro  to  Valparaiso  ?     From  Valparaiso  to  Panama  ? 

What  large  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  ? 

Give  the  situation  of  the  principal  seaports  of  South  America, — Rin  Janeiro, — 
Bahia, — La  Guayra, — Valparaiso, — Callao, — Guayaquil, — Pauaifla — llaranhao. 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  DRAWING  SOUTl^  AMERICA. 

[See  "  Generai,  Directions  "  on  Page  17.] 


Commence  at  A,  and  measure  5^  ms.  north,  and  mark  Cape  St. 
Roqiie.  Measure  to  C,  7i  ms. ;  thence  west  to  D,  Si  ms.  At  4  ms. 
from  C,  mark  Cajte  Gallinas  and  Lake  Maracaybo.  From  51, 
at  C'djte  Sf.  Boqtie,  toward  4  on  the  line  C  D,  mark  the  points,  1, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  River  ;  2, opposite  Georgetoivn  ; 
and,  3,  near  Caracas.    Complete  the  coast  line. 

From  A,  toward  the  west,  mark  the  points  4  and  5i  at  B.  From  4, 
west  of  A,  toward  Cape  St.  Roque,  mark  1,  near  the  Gulf  of  St. 
ifeorfjc;  3,  opposite  St.  Matthias'  Bay  ;  3,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  lie  La  Plata  ;  and  6,  opposite  the  Bay  of  All  Saints. 
Complete  the  coast  line. 

Prom  4,  west  of  A,  measure  4  ms.  north,  and  draw  the  coast  south  to 
Terra  del  Fiieyo  and  Cape  Horn. 

North  of  B,  mark  the  points  5\,  6, 7,  and  draw  the  Gulf  of 
Darien,  Istlnniis  of  Panama,  &nd  Cape  Blanco.  Complete 
the  drawing  by  marking  the  mountains,  rivers,  countries,  bays,  gulfs, 
capes,  cities,  etc.,  writing  t\ie  full  name  of  each  outside  the  map. 

REVIEW    QUESTIONS, 

hTiere  nie  lliey:'    (Sec  Note,  p.  18.) 

Mountains : — Andes,        Pacaraima,        Parimc,  or  Parima, 
Geral,  Vol.  Co'topasi,  Vol.  Aconcagua. 

Vol.  Pichincha  {pe-chee7i'chah),  Mt.  Chimborazo 
{rah'zo). 
Rivers : — Amazon,     Orinoco,  Uruguay,      Negro,    La  Plata, 

Paraguay,  Parana,    St,  Francisco. 
Gulfs  and  Bays : — Darien,  Panama,        San  Matias,  or 

Venezuela,    St.  George,     St.  Matthias. 

Islands  : — Terra  del  Fuego,      Marajo,  or  Joannes.   Trinidad, 

Chiloe  [che-h-ay'),  Chonos  Arch.,  Falkland. 

Capes  : — Gallinas  {gal-Je'-nan).     St.  Roque,      Horn.     Parina. 

Cities  : — Rio  Janeiro,         Buenos  Ayres,  Valparaiso,     Quito. 

Bahia  (bah-e'a),  Lima,  Santiago,        Cuzco, 

Montevideo,         Bogota'.  Pernambuco,  La  Paz. 


56 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


PHYSICAL   AND  DESCRIPTIVE   GEOGR)^PHY. 

1.  South  America  is  celebrated  tor  its 
great  inountaiii  (.liain.  iiniiic'iijo  plains  and  rivei's, 
tnipical  climate,  and  the  abundance  of  ita  vege- 
table and  nuinial  litV. 

2.  Its  three   mountain  systems  are  in 

the  west,  ea.-<t,  and  north.  (Slv  Kelii'f  Maji.) 
The  greatest  is  that  of  the  Andes,  which  extend 
along  the  Paoitic  coast 

3.  The  Andes  are  from  8,000  to  more  than 
20,000  feet  olovation.  The  highest  feak  is  Acon- 
cagua, nearly  24,000  feet 

Note. — The  liighcst  mountains  iu  North  America  aro 
about  18,000  fiet ;  in  Asia,  29,000  feet;  Mt.  Blanc  is 
16,800  feet. 

4.  The  highest  peaks  of  the  Andes  are 
continually  covered  with  snow. 


yirw  amcn^  the  Andes. —  Travciert  crossing  tht  mountains. 


5.  The  base  of  the  Andes  is 
about  400  miles  wide. 

C.  In  the  center  and  north, 

tlie  Andes  comprise  two  or  more 
ranges,  between  which  are  plateaus 
containing  lakes  and  cities.  The 
plateau  of  Bolivia  is  more  than  two 
miles  above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

Wlmt  lake  and  cities  arc  on  tliis  jilateau? 

7.  The  other  mountains  and 
table-lands  are  in  Brazil,  Guiana,  and 
Venezuela ;  but  they  are  not  so  high 
as  tho.se  of  the  Andes. 

8.  Nearly  all  else  of  South 
America  is  a  vast  ]>Iain,  drained  by 
the  Amazon,  the  Orinoco,  and  the 
La  Plata  rivers. 

0.  The  plain  of  the  Amazon 
is  noted  for  its  dense  forests,  called 
silvas,  which  are  the  abode  of  Siivages, 
monkeys,  alligators,  serpents,  and  in- 
sects, besides  birds  of  wonderful  beauty 
and  variety. 

10.  In  the  forests  are  trees  from 
which  cocoa,  India-nibber,  Peruvian 
or  quinine  bark,  cabinet  and  dye- 
woods  aro  obtained. 

11.  The  lowlands  of  the  Ori- 
noco, called  llanos  (I'yah'noce),  and 
those  of  the  La  Plata,  called  pampas, 
are  covered  with  gi-ass  in  the  wet  sea- 
son, from  November  to  May ;  but  in 
the  dry  season,  from  May  to  Novem- 
ber, they  resemble  a  desert. 

12.  The  llanos  and  pampas 
afford  pasture  to  vast  numbers  of 
cattle,  horses,  and  sheep.  The  wild 
cattle  are  caught  by  means  of  the 
lasso,  a  long  leathern  rope. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


57 


13.  The  chief  exports  from  Uruguay  and  the  Argentine 
Republic  are  tallow,  liides,  horns,  liair,  wool,  and  dried  beef;  from 
Bolivia  and  Pern,  silver,  guano,  and  nitre. 

14.  Brazil  produces  mon'  than  half  the  coffee  used  in  the 
world. 

15.  The  principal  productions  of  nearly  all  the  countries 
are  coffee,  sugar,  cotton,  ti>bacco,  cocoa,  and  tropical  fruits. 

IG.  Among^  the  animals  are  the  jaguar  (jag-u-ahr')  or 
American  tiger,  tapir,  puma,  ant-eater,  sloth,  alpaca,  and  armadillo. 
Mules  and  llamas  are  used  as  beasts  of  burden.  The  condor,  the 
largest  bird  of  flight,  has  its  home  in  the  Andes. 

17.  The  precious  and  useful  metals  are  found  in  the 
Andes  ;  diamcjnds  and  other  precious  stones,  in  Brazil. 

18.  The  inhabitants  of  South  America  comprise  whites, 
Indians,  negi-oes,  and  mixed  races.  The  whites  are  in  a  small 
minority.     In  Colombia  and  Venezuela,  only  one-fourth  are  white. 

19.  The  white  inhabitants  of  Brazil  are  of  Portuguese  de- 
scent, and  of  the  other  countries,  Spanish  ;  in  Brazil  they  live  near 
the  coast,  while  in  the  interior  some  of  the  native  tribes  are  can- 
nibals. 

20.  Brazil  is  an  empire. 

21.  Brazil  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  United  States ;  and 
UrugTuiv,  the  smallest  country  in  South  America,  is  larger  than  the 
six  New  England  States  combined. 

22.  In  the  Torrid  Zone  is  all  that  part  of  South  Ameiica 
which  lies  north  of  the  Argentine  Repubhc,  or  about  three-fourths 
of  the  whole  division. 


section  of  Scut  k  America. — Rain  brjug,.^i  >,,.;>.  ike  Ailaniic  Ocean.- 
The  Great  Plains. 


•  T/te  .4  ndes.- 


23.  In  the  tropical  countries  of  South  America,  the  winds 
blow  from  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  supply  the  vast  plains  with 
abundant  rain.  The  moisture  carried  by  these  winds  is  condensed 
before  passing  the  snow-covered  peaks  of  the  Andes;  hence  the 
rainless  districts  between  the  Andes  and  the  Pacific. 


HISTORICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  SOUTH  AMERICA  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Orinoco  (in  1498). 

I      2.  Brazil  was  settled  by  Portuguese,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
I  16th  century.     It  declared  itself  free  from  Portugal  (in  1822)  and 
became  an  empire.    The  P(5rtuguese  language  is  spoken  there. 

3.  The   Pacific   Ocean  w^as  discovered  by  Balboa,  who 

crossed  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  (in  1513) ;  and  soon  after,  by 
Magellan,  who  entered  the  Paeilic  through  the  strait  which  bears 
his  name,  and  thus  made  the  first  voyage  around  the  globe. 

4.  Balboa  was  followed  by  I'izarro,  a  cruel  Spaniard  who  con- 
quered Peru,  which  then  included  nearly  the  whole  of  the  western 
part  of  South  America  and  was  inhabited  by  a  powerful  and 
civiUzed  race. 


-.ruiv 


-t.j j'  'ij:/ 


Natural  bridges  in  Colombia^  ipo /eet  above  tke  tttrreni  at  the  bottom. 

Note. — The  Peruvians — native  Indians — had  been  governed  by  the  Incas  for 
centuries.  They  worshiped  the  sun,  and  believed  their  rulers,  the  Incas,  tn 
be  its  descendants.  Tlieir  knowledge  of  architecture  and  sculpture  is  shown 
by  the  remains  of  ])alaces,  ai|ueducts,  and  temples.  Tli<^  magnificent "  Temple 
of  the  Sun  "  was  richly  ornamented  with  gold  and  jewels. 

5.  Peru  was  held  by  Spain  for  about  three  hundred  years, 
and  in  the  early  part  of  the  pi-esent  century  all  the  Spanish  colonies, 
from  Venezuela  to  Chili,  inclusive,  became  independent. 

6.  Guiana  belongs  partly  to  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Hol- 
land; and  Patagonia  is  claimed  by  Chili  and  the  Argentine  Ke- 
pubhc.    All  the  other  countries  are  repubUcs,  except  BraziL 

7.  The  South  American  republics,  like  Mexico,  have  suf- 
fered much  from  revolutions. 

Note. — The  Republic  of  Colombia,  which  continued  for  several  years  pre- 
vious to  1831,  comprised  New  (tranada,  Ecuador,  and  Venezuela,  now  three 
separate  republics.  New  Granada  is  now  known  as  the  United  States  of 
Colombia. 


TOPICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

(To  be  used  as  a  RE^^EW  or  as  Subjects  for  Compobition.) 

South  Axierica  :— What  can  you  say  of  its  position  on  the  globe  ?  Its 
shape  and  measurements  ?  Its  mountain  ranges,  volcanoes,  and  plateaus  J 
Its  climates  ?  Rains  and  drouths,  and  their  effects  ?  Vegetable  products  ? 
Jlinerals  ?  Exports  ?  ;\jiimals  ?  Inhabitants,  oiiginnl  antl  present  ?  Gov 
ernments  ?     Discovery  and  history  ? 

If  the  winds  of  the  tropical  countries  blew  from  the  Pacific  instead  of 
the  Atlantic,  would  Brazil  have  abundant  rains,  large  rivers,  and  dense 
forests?  AMiy  ?  Would  it,  in  that  case,  be  wet  or  dn,-  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Andes?     Where,  then,  would  be  the  rainless  districts? 

If  the  Andes  were  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  instead  of  the  Pacific,  what 
would  be  the  effect?  In  Patagonia  and  southern  Chili,  the  winds  blow 
from  the  Pacific ;  on  which  side  of  the  Andes,  in  those  countries,  does  the 
most  rain  fall  ?     Where. are  their  i-ainless  districts  ? 


vs.  O    I 


#y 


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VV 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


59 


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62 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


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64  MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE     GEOGRAPHY. 


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GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


What  parallels  of  latitude  pass  over  Ireland  ?    Over  what  parts  of  North 
Anieriea  do  those  parallels  pass '!    (See  p.  16.) 

In  what  direction  is  Ireland  from  the  United  States?    (See  page  89.) 
Wliat  ocean  north  and  west  of  Ireland  V     \Vliat  sea  east '.'     A\'liat  channel 
southeast  Y     Northeast '! 

WTiat  is  its  northern  head  or  cape  ?     Southern  ? 

WTiat  city  and  bay  in  the  middle  of  the  eastern 
coast  ?  What  city  and  bay  on  the  western  side  nearly 
west  of  Dublin  1 

Which  is  the  most  northern  of  its  four  pro\ince3? 
Southern  ?    Eastern  ?     WMtem  ? 

What  louph  or  lake  in  the  nortlieastem  part  of  Ire- 
land?    What  small  lakes  in  the  soutli western  part  ? 

In  what  jiart  of  Ireland  is  Belfast  (celebrated  for  its 
linen  and  cotton  factories  ?  Cork  (manufactures,  ship- 
building, and  fine  harbor)  ?  Limerick  ?  Waterford  ? 
Londonderry  ?     Galway  ?     Donegal  ?    Sligo  ? 

Obserre  that  Ireland  is  about  the  game  in  width 
a.>5  Kansas — 200  miles,  and  that  Kansas  has  a  greater 
area  tlian  Ireland,  Sardinia,  and  the  peninsula  of  Den- 
mark, combined.  Ireland,  Portugal,  and  the  State  of 
Indiana  are  about  the  same  in  area. 


PFIYSICAL  PD  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPl^Y. 

1.  IRELAND  i.**  generally  level,  with  mountains 
along  tile  coast. 

2.  Its  climate  is  mild  and  moist,  and  the  people 
are  chiefly  engaged  in  grazing  and  agriculture. 

3.  The  principal  products  are  grain,  potatoes, 
hay,  and  Ua.x  ;  live  stock  and  linen  are  largely  exported 
to  England  and  Scotland. 

4.  Its  rivers  and  lakes  are  numerous;  Lough 
Neagh  {loh-naij)  is  the  largest  lake  in  Ireland,  and  the 
Lakes  of  Killarney  are  celelirated  for  their  lieautifiil 
scenery. 

5.  The  principal  cities  are  Dulijin,  Belfast,  and 
Cork;  Dubhn  is  one  of  the  finest  cities  in  Europe. 

Dublin  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  the  southern  point  of  Alaska. 
Dublin  and  Cork  together  have  a  population  about  equal  to  that 
of  Boston. 

Ireland,  with  one  ninth  the  area  of  the  six  Oulf  States,  has  a 
larger  population  (5,402,000). 

6.  Bog-peat  is  extensively  used  for  fuel;  coal,  which 
is  imported  from  Great  Britain,  is  used  only  in  the  towns. 

l^ISTORICi^L    GE0GR)^P1^Y, 

1.  The  name  of  Ireland  was  originally  Ir  or  Erin ; 
it  was  called  Iliheniia  by  the  Romans.  It  is  sometimes 
called  the  Emerald  Lsle,  because  of  the  freshness  of  its 
verdure. 

2.  Ireland  was  long  governed  by  its  own  kings, 
princes,  or  chieftains;  its  four  i)rovinces,  Ulster,  Leinster, 
Munster,  and  Connauglit.  were  former  kingdoms. 

3.  From  the   3d  to  the  10th  century  it  was 

ruled  by  a  tribe  called  the  Scots,  who  called  it  Scotia, 
but  aftenvai'ds  transferred  the  name  to  Scotland.  (See 
page  63,  iiaragrajih  2  of  ITi.storical  Oeography.) 

4.  Invasions  and  insurrections  were  frequent, 
and  the  country  finally  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English. 

.5.  The  people  belong  chiefly  to  the  Celtic  race ;  they 
are  active,  industrious,  warm-hearted,  and  impulsive. 


View  in  Ireland.— Peasantry  and  city  gentry.~-An  Irish  jaunting-car. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY, 


Longitude  West 


FRANCE.  What  par- 
allels of  latitude  pass  over 
France  in  this  map?  Over 
what  parts  of  North  America 
do  these  parallels  pass ';  (See 
p.  16.)  AVhat  ocean  west  of 
France?  What  sea  south- 
east? What  bay  west  ?  A\liat 
channel  northwest?  What 
strait  north  1  What  country 
is  separated  from  France  by 
the  Strait  of  Dover? 

What  countries  border  on 
the  northeast  ?  East  ?  ^Vhat 
mountains  east  ?  Mention  the 
four  large  rivers  of  France. 
Into  what  does  each  empty  ? 

What  large  island  in  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  belongs  to 
France?     Ang.  Corgiea. 


1.  FRANCE  is  most- 
ly level,  with  high  moun- 
tains on  the  east  and  south. 

In  the  east  are  Mt.  Blanc, 
the  highest  mountain  in  Eu- 
rope, and  Mt.  Cenis  {seh-ne), 
through  which  is  a  tunnel 
nearly  eight  miles  in  length, 
connecting  France  and  Italy. 

2.  Its    climate,    ex- 
cept in  the  northeast,  is 
mild.     Its  southeastern  coast  is  a  fayorite  winter  resort  for  invalids 
from  Europe  and  tlie  United  States. 

3.  The  leading  agricultural  products  are  grain  and 
grapes,  besides  olives,  orauge.s,  and  lemons  in  the  south.  Around 
Lyons,  the  second  city,  in  size,  in  France,  mulberry  trees  are  exten- 
sively cultivated  for  the  support  of  the  silk-worm. 

4.  Among  the  exports  are  silk,  woolen,  linen,  and  cotton 
goods,  wine,  brandy,  jewelry,  and  fancy  articles. 

5.  Paris  is,  next  to  London  and  Pekin,  the  largest  city  in  the 
world.    The  most  important  seaport  in  France  is  Marseilles. 

6.  The  French  are  remarkable  for  politeness,  activity,  and 
honesty;  they  are  gay,  impulsive,  and' fond  of  military  distinction. 

7.  France,  although  smaller  than  Texas,  has  a  population 
almost  as  large  as  that  of  the  United  States. 

Population  of  France,  36,000,000 ;  I'nited  States,  about  40,000,000. 

8.  Its  foreign  possessions  comprise  Algeria,  French  Gui- 
ana, besides  parts  of  India,  Western  Africa,  and  several  islands  in  ' 
Oceanica  and  the  West  Indies. 


HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPl^Y. 

1.  FRANCE,  with  Holland,  Belgium,  and  Western  Germany, 
was  formerly  called  Gaul;  the  inhabitants  were  called  Gauls  or 
Celts. 

2.  It  "was  conquered  by  Julius  Caesar  and  annexed  to  the 
Eoman  Empire  (51  B.  C). 

3.  It  received  its  name  from  the  Franks,  German  invaders, 

who  afterward:^  i:<nerned  it. 

4.  Charlemagne  was  the  greatest  monarch  of  his  time  (8th 
century).  By  his  conquests,  his  empire  included  France,  Belgium, 
Holland,  Germany,  and  Switzerland,  with  parts  of  Italy  and  Spain. 


nu  *  TftiMtr  y.  r. 


5.  The  most  celebrated  general  and  monarch  was  ^JajKileon 
Bonaparte,  who  became  emperor  of  France  and  king  of  Italy  (1804). 
He  was  overthrown  at  Waterloo  (1815),  and  died  in  banishment  in 
St.  Helena.  His  nephew,  Louis  Napoleon,  became  president  of 
France  in  1848,  and  soon  afterwards,  emperor. 

6.  Louis  Napoleon,  in  the  war  with  Germany,  in  1870  and 

1871,  lost  his  throne;  and  France,  that  part  of  its  territory  which 
bordered  on  the  Ehine.   (France  lost  Alsace  and  a  part  of  Lorraine.) 


A   village  in  tkt  eastern  /^it  cj  I-'t\iKCc.~ 


66 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


SPAIN  AND  POR- 
TUGAL form  the  Iber- 
ian I'lninsula.  By  what  bod- 
ies of  water  is  it  surrounded? 
What  country  joins  it  on  the 
northeast  ?  AVliat  mountains 
between  France  and  Spain  ? 

What  istliedirection  of  the 
northern  boundary  of  Spain? 
The  eastern  ?  Wliat  two  capes 
on  the  northwest?  Wliat 
three  on  the  coast  of  the  Med- 
iterranean ?  Wliat  is  the 
southwestern  cape  of  Portu- 
gal? What  mountains  in  the 
north  ? 

What  four  large  rivers  flow 
west  and  southwest  ?  Wliat  is 
the  largest  river  which  flows 
into  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 

Mention  the  principal  cities 
on  the  Douro, — OntheTagus, 
^-on  the  Ouadiana, — on  the 
Guadalquiver, — on  the  Ebro, 
— on  the  eastern  coast, — on 
the  southern  coast. 

What  islands ea.st  of  Spain? 

Madrid,  the  capital  and  me- 
tropolis of  Spain,  i.s  in  the 
same  latitude  as  New  York, 
Naples,  and  Salt  Lake  City  ? 
Where  is  >[adrid? 


PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRi^Pl^Y. 

1.  The  surface  is  a  table-land,  on  which  are  five  chains  of 
mountains,  extending  from  east  to  west;  between  these  chains  run 
the  principal  rivers. 

2.  The  interior  i.s  high,  dry^  and  treeless ;  its  summers  are 
hot  and  its  winters  cold;  while  in  Portugal  rain  is  abundant,  and 
along  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  perjietual  spring  prevails. 

3.  The  chief  exports  are  wine,  olive  oil.  wool,  quicksilver, 
oranges,  lenions,  raisins,  almonds,  corks,  and  licorice. 

4  The  useful  metals  are  found  in  the  north;  silver  and 
quicksilver,  in  the  ,=outh. 

5.  The  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  have  dark  eyes  and 


L 


■  -A/'JfA 


Observe  that  each  of  the  three  oblong  frames  in  dotted  lines  represents 
Kansas.  Is  Portugal  larger  or  smaller  than  Kansa,s  ?  What  is  the  length  of 
the  northern  boundary  of  Spain  ? 


are  of  a  dark  complexion.     The  Spaniards  are  proud  and  revenge- 
ful, and  very  fond  of  music,  dancing,  Ijull-fights,  and  other  sports. 

6.  The  inhabitants  are  descended  from  the  Iberians  and 
Celts,  intermingled  with  Carfhagenian,  Roman,  Gothic,  and  Moor- 
ish blood.     (See  Ancient  Geognijihy,  Jiage  90.) 

7.  The  Spanish  and  Portuguese  languages,  although 
differinu  fmni  eaeh  other,  are  both  derived  from  the  Latin. 

8.  Education  and  agriculture  are  in  a  verj*  backward 
condition  ;  scarcely  one-tenth  of  the  inhabitants  of  Spain  being  able 
to  read  and  write. 

9.  The  most  populous  provinces  are  in  the  south. 

10.  Andorra  is  a  small  rejiublic  in  the  Pyrenees,  inhabited  by 
shepherds.     (Area,  149  square  mUes;  population,  12,000.) 

Population  of  Spain,  16,500,000 ;  of  Portugal,  4,000,000. 

HISTORICAL    GEOGRAPHY, 

1.  The  peninsula  -was  originally  peopled  by  the  Iber- 
ians, a  tierce  race.  On  its  coasts,  colonies  were  established  by  the 
Phoenicians  about  1000  B.  C.  It  was  subdued  by  the  Carthagcni- 
ans.  and  afterwards  by  the  Romans,  who  held  it  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Christian  era. 

2.  At  the  fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  tribes  from  Germany  and 
France  took  possession ;  but  these  were  succeeded  by  the  Moors,  or 
Ai'abs  from  Northern  Africa  (in  the  8th  century).  The  Moors  were 
driven  out  by  the  Spaniards,  under  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  king 
and  queen  of  Spain  (1492),  the  same  year  in  which  Spain  came  into 
possession  of  large  portions  of  North  and  South  America,  by  right  of 
discovery.    Spain  became  a  republic  in  1873. 

."5.  The  Portuguese,  in  the  15th  and  10th  centuries,  were 
among  the  most  enlightened  and  enterprising  people  of  Europe ; 
their  colonies  along  the  coasts  of  South  America,  .Africa,  and  Asia 
were  very  important.     (See  page  57,  paragraph  2.) 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


67 


HOLLAND,  OR  THE  NETHER- 
LANDS, is  i  m.  wide  by  1  m.  long  (100  x  200 
miles).  By  what  is  it  bounded  on  the  north  and  west? 
On  the  east?     South? 

^^^lat  sea  or  zee  in  Holland  ?  What  is  the  largest 
river  fio^^ang  through  Holland?  Does  the  Rhine  empty 
through  one  or  several  mouths  ?  A^Tiat  grand  duchy 
southeast  of  Belgium  belongs  ^o  Holland?  (A  grand 
duchy  is  governed  by  a  grand  duke.)  \\^lat  branch  of 
the  Rhine  bounds  Luxemburg  on  the  southeast  ?  Are 
there  any  mountains  in  Holland  or  Belgium?  Bound 
Belgium.     'VATiat  rivers  flow  through  Belgium? 

Amsterdam,  the  metro]  olis,  is  one  of  flie  most  im- 
portant commercial  cities  in  Europe.     It   is  built   on 
Tif  Mong  frame  sko-.u!    wooden  piles  driven  into  swampy  ground.    M'liere  is 
thcUngtk  andhreadthof  it  situated?     Rotterdam,  the  second  city  of  Holland, 
Aa,wai  (300x400  »»V«).    jg_  jiijg  Amsterdam,  intersected  by  numerous  canals. 
Where  is  it  ?     The  Hague  {meadow)  is  the  capital.     Where  Is  it? 

Brussels,  the  capital  of  Belgium,  is  celebrated  for  lace  and  carpets,  print- 
ing, pulilishing,  and  trade.  Where  is  it?  Ghent  is  the  second  city  in  Bel 
gium,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  cotton  manufactures.  WHiere  is  it?  iVntwerp 
(meaning  nddeil,  because  built  on  successive  deposits  from  the  river)  com- 
mands the  commerce  of  Belgium.     Where  is  it  situated? 


Holland. — Skating  seene^ 

COI^Pi^R^TIVE    GEOGRi^PHY. 

Belgium,  with  one-fourth  the  area  of  New  Tork  State,  has  a 
larger  population. 

Zuider  Zee  (meaning  South  Sea)  is  in  the  same  latitude  as 
James'  Bay. 

PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPljY. 

1.  The   "words    Holland    and   Netherlands 

signify  a  flat,  low,  marshy  country.  A  considerable 
portion  of  the  surfece  of  Holland  and  Belgium  is  more 
than  twenty  feet  below  tide  water.  Inundation  is  pre- 
vented by  dikes  or  mounds. 

2.  The  lo'w  land  is   drained  by  means  of  its 

numerous  canals,  \\hich  are  between  high  banks,  and 
into  which  the  water  is  raised  by  windmills  and  steam- 
engines. 

3.  The  leading    occupations  in    Holland   are 

commerce  and  dairy-farming. 

4.  The  climate  is  moist  and  disagreeable. 

5.  Belgium  is  noted  for  its  dense  population,  whose  employ- 
ments are  chiefly  in  agriculture  and  manufactures. 

6.  The  Dutch  and  Belgians  are  noted  for  their  industry 
and  cleanliness.  Low-Dutch  i.s  spoken  in  Holland;  Flemish  (re- 
sembling Dutch)  and  EVench,  in  Belgium. 

7.  Population  of  Belgium,  5,000,000 ;  Holland,  3,900,000. 

HISTORICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  Holland  and  Belgium,  at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian 
em,  were  subject  to  Rome.  In  the  8th  century,  they  formed  part  of 
the  dominions  of  Charlemagne;  and  afterwards,  of  Austria  and 
Spain. 

2.  Holland  became  independent  and  very  pro.^porous  in 
the  17tli  century,  and  her  foreign  possessions  comprised  .Sumatra, 
Java,  and  several  other  Asiatic  islands,  besides  Dutch  Guiana. 

;3.  Both  countries  were  afterward  incorporated  with  PVance ; 
but  in  181.1,  they  were  joined  together  as  the  Kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands. 

4.  They  have  been  separate  kingdoms  since  1831. 


^/ 


68 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


THE  GERMAN 
EMPIRE.  Whatsea 
uorth  of  (icriiiany  ?  North- 
west ?  Whut  two  gulfs  open 
into  tlie  Baltic  Sea?  What 
countries  bound  Germany 
on  tlio  west  and  northwest? 
On  the  south  ?  On  the  east  ? 
What  four  large  rivers  flow 
through  (ierniany?  In  what 
direction  do  they  flow?  Into 
what  do  they  empty?  In 
what  part  is  Hhenish  Prussia  ? 
Westphalia?  Pomcrania? 
Schleswig  and  Holstein  1 
Hanover?  Prussian  Saxony? 
Silesia?    Brandenljurg? 

In  what  direction  does  the 
surface  of  Prussia  slope  ? 

Where  and  on  what  river  is 
Berlin  (the  capital  and  largest 
city)?  Hanil)urg  (the  chief 
commercial  city  in  Germany)? 
Breslau  (celebrated  for  its 
linen  trade)?  Dresden  (works 
of  art)?  Cologne  (cologne- 
water)?  Franlifort  (inland 
trade  and  banking  business)  ? 
Bremen  (2d  commercial  city)  ? 
Posen  ?     Hanover  ? 

Population  of  German  Em- 
pire, about  4n,000,000. 


9.  Tlie  Germans  are  thrifty,  industrious,  of  a  calm  temper,  and  fond 
of  music,  biioks,  and  study. 

10.  Parents  pay  great  attention  to  the  discipline  and  amusement  of 
their  cliildren.  and  the  love  of  home  is  a  national  characteristic. 


loo  of  Lorraine  bcra  ahown,  wew  eetied  by  Franc«  lo  Gemuaj,  In  1871. 


PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  THE  GERMAN  EMPIRE  com- 
prises Prussia,  Bavaria,  Wurtembero;.  Baden, 
Saxony,  and  other  states,  besides  free  cities. 

2.  Prussia  is  mostly  low  and  level,  with 
mountains  in  tlie  south.  The  winters  on  its 
northern  plain  are  severe. 

3.  The  mineral  products  include  coal, 
salt,  and  the  useful  metals. 

4.  Grain  and  grapes  are  extensively  culti- 
vated throughout   Germany. 

5.  Merino  sheep,  valuable  for  their  wool, 
are  raised  in  great  numbers. 

6.  The  forests  are  extensive. 

7.  Prussia  excels  every  other  country 
in  its  national  system  of  education.  Attend- 
ance at  school  between  the  ages  of  five  and 
fifteen  is  required  by  law.  Schools,  universi- 
ties, academies,  and  pnbhc  libraries  are  numer- 
ous throughout  Germany. 

8.  The  kingdoms  in  Germany  are 
Prussia,  Bavaria,  Wurtemberg,  and  Saxony. 


A  Vineymrd  in  Germany.—  Gatkering  Grapts. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


69 


A   view  of  the  Rhine^ — Ruins  of  an  ancient  castle. 

10.  The  Rhine  is  one  of  the  most  important  rivers  in  Europe 

for  navigation  and  trade. 

11.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  scenery,  and  for  its 
liistoiy  and  legends.  Its  banks  are  covered  ^vith  vineyards,  many 
of  its  mountains  and  crags  are  crowned  'nith  ancient  castles,  and 
close  to  the  river  nestle  picturesque  towns  and  villages. 

12.  The  scenerr  most  admired  is  between  Mayence,  or  Mainz,  and  Cob- 
lentz,  a  distance  of  about  50  miles,  a  part  of  wliicU  is  seen  in  the  picture. 

13.  The  population  of  the  German  Empire  is  the  sj\me  as  that  nf  the 
United  States  —  about  40,000.000 ;  and  its  area  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  four 
States,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  lUinois,  and  Indiana. 

1-1.  Berlin,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  has  about  the  same  population  as 
Philadelphia  which  is  more  than  SOO.OOO. 

HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  GERMANY  formed  a  part  of  the  Empire  of  the  West  under 
Charlemagne,  who  was  the  first  of  a  line  of  emperors  extending 
througli  a  thousjind  years  ending  A.  I).  1800. 

2.  The  early  inhabitants  were  of  a  warlike  nature ;  hence 
their  name,  German,  which  means  war-man. 

3.  The  Germanic  Confederation  of  1815  consisted  of  the 
several  kin,sd(ini.<,  dnchus.  ami  IV.v  ciiies  in  Germany. 

4.  By  the  war  between  Prussia  and  Austria  (in  1866), 
Austria  was  compelled  to  withdraw  fivm  the  confederation.  Prussia 
also  anuex.'d  the  Danish  j>rovinces  t)f  Schleswig.  Holstein,  and  the 
German  States  Hanover,  Xassau,  Hesso  Cassel.  and  the  free  city  of 
Frankfort.  The  North  German  Confederation  was  then  formed, 
consisting  of  all  (he  States  north  of  Frankfort. 

X  War  between  Praissia  and  France  was  declared  by 
Napoleon  III  (in  1870),  who  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner.  All 
the  German  States  were  then  united  to  form  the  German  Empire, 
with  Prussia  as  the  leading  power. 

6.  Poland  (meaning  Plat  Land),  once  a  flourishing  kingdom, 
now  forms  part  of  Prussia,  Russia,  and  Austria. 


70 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


AUSTRIA.    What 

countries  north  of  Austria? 
East?  twuth?  West?  South- 
west ?  WHiat  sea  southwest  ? 
Wliicli  is  tlie  most  western 
provinrc?  Northwestern? 

Xorllicnstern  ?  Southeastern  ? 
Wliicli  is  tlie  largest  division 
of  Austria? 

Which  is  tlio  prinripiil 
river?  Name  its  branches. 
Through  what  jjrovinccs  does 
the  Danube  flow?  What  river 
on  the  northern  border?  On 
the  soutliern  ?  Where  are  the 
Carpathian  Mountains?  What 
river  flows  through  Bohemia  ? 

Where  is  Vienna  (the  capi- 
tal and  largest  city)  ?  Prague 
(the  seat  of  Bohemian  mauu 
factures  of  glas.s,  jewelrj-, 
etc.)?  Pesth?  Trieste  (the 
great  seaport  of  Austria)? 
Cracow  (the  ancient  capital  of 
Poland,  and  near  extensive 
salt  mines. 

Tlie  area  of  Austria  is  about 
three  times  that  of  Kansas. 
(See  page  98.)  In  population, 
Austria  is  nearly  equal  to  the 
United  States. 


M       'LonsUude  Eait    M   of  GrteLwlch         n 


PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  AUSTRIA  is  a  mountainous  country,  with  the  great  plain 
of  Hungary  in  the  center  and  south. 

2.  Austria  is  rich  in  agricultural  and  mineral  products. 

3.  The    Hungarian    provinces    comprise    Hungary    and 
Transylvania,  and  those  south  of  Hungary. 


Tir  City  of  Buda,  or  O/tn,  is  on  tie  Ufi  o/  the  picture,  and  the  City  0/  Pesth  on  the  right, 
ieoking  n^rth. — Faint  to  these  cities  on  the  map. 


4.  The  German  provinces  are  between  Hungary  and  the 

western  boundary  of  Austria.     Name  them- 

5.  The  Polish  province  is  Galicia. 

0.  The  pvecious  metals  are  found  in  Hungary,  Transylvania,  and  Bohe- 
mia; quicksilver  and  tin  in  the  southwest;  coal,  iron,  copper,  and  salt,  in 
nearly  all  the  provinces. 

7.  Its  exports  are  of  great  variety ;  they 
include  grain,  cattle,  wine,  wool,  salt,  linen  and 
leather  goods,  glass-ware,  wooden-ware,  gloves, 
instruments,  and  machines. 

8.  The  salt  mines  in  the  north  are  the 
most  cclc'liratc'd  in  the  world. 

'.1.  The  races  and  languages  are  various. 
Population  of  Austria,  36,000,000 

IJISTORICi^L  GEOGRi^PHY. 

1.  The  ■word  Austria,  which  signifies 
eaKfern  .'state,  originally  referred  to  what  is 
now  the  provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower  Austria, 
when  they  formed  the  eastern  part  of  the  do- 
minions of  Charlemagne. 

'■!.  Austria  has,  at  various  times,  held  and 
lost  important  pos,sessions  in  Europe. 

3.  It  retains  the  kingdoms  of  Bohemia 
and  Hungary,  and  the  province  of  Galicia 
which  formed  part  of  the  Kingdom  of  Poland 
until  it  was  seized  by  Austria,  Prussia,  and 
Eu.ssia. 

4.  In  the  ■war  of  1806,  Austria  was  de- 
feated by  Prussia  and  Italy,  compelled  to  give 
up  Venetia  to  Italy,  and  to  withdraw  from  the 
Germanic  Confederation. 


-View  Of  the  Danube, 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


71 


SWITZERLAND. 

What  grand  duchy  north? 
What  Austrian  province  east? 
What  Italian  Btates  south? 
What  country  west?  Wliat 
lakes  on  the  boundary  of  Swit- 
zerland ? 

Wliat  largo  river  flows 
through  Lake  Constance  ? 
Through  Lake  Geneva?  In 
what  part  of  Switzerland  do 
they  both  rise  ? 

Name  the  largest  lakes  in 
Switzerland. 

What  river  with  its  branches 
drains  the  greater  part  of 
Switzerland  ?  What  moun- 
tains in  the  south?  In  the 
northwest?    Center?    East? 

Geneva,  the  largest  city,  is 
celebrated  for  watches,  jewel- 
ry, and  music-boxes.  Where 
is  it?  Bern  is  the  capital. 
Where  is  it  ?  Where  is  Basel 
(baJi/zel),  or  Basle  (haM)1  Lau- 
sanne ?  Zurich  (zoo'rik)  1  Fri- 
bourg?  Neuchatel  (nushrah- 
tel')  1    Lucerne  ? 

Switzerland,  like  Holland, 
is  abou*i  1  m.  long  and  i  m. 
broad  (100  x  200  miles). 


PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  Switzerland  is  the  most  mountainous  country  in  Europe. 

Its  highest  peaks  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

2.  The  scenery  of  its  mountains,  glaciers  {gla'seers),  valleys, 
lakes,  and  waterfalls  is  grand  and  picturesque.  (See  illustrations 
on  pages  6  and  8.) 

3.  The  highest  peaks  are  Mt.  Rosa  and  Mt.  Cervin,  which 
are  about  15,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Mt.  Blanc,  the 
highest  in  Europe,  is  in  France. 


Fribourg or  Freybonrg^  Svjitzerland, — SusftnsioH  Bridge  ever  tht  Saane  or  Sarine  Rivev. 


4.  The  climate  is  subject  to  gi-eat  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold. 

5.  The  Swiss  are  hardy,  industrious,  and  brave. 

6.  They  are  employed  chiefly  in  dairy-farming  and  manu- 
facturing. Cows,  goats,  and  sheep  constitute  the  wealth  of  the 
peasantry. 

7.  The  manufactures  consist  chiefly  of  watches,  jewelry,  silk 
and  cotton  goods,  and  can-ed  wood. 

8.  The  language  sjioken  in  the  central  and  northeastern  cantons 
is  German ;  in  the  western,  French  ;  and  in  the  southern,  Italian. 

9.  Education  is  general  and  com- 
pulsory ;  nearly  every  boy  and  girl  can 
read  and  write. 

10.  Switzerland  is  a  republic  com- 

[TOsed  of  cantons  or  states. 

11.  Population  of  Switzerland,  3,670,000— 
about  the  same  as  Illinois. 

IjISTORlCi^L  GEOGRi^PHY. 

1.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
Christian  era,  tho  inhabitants,  the 
Helvetians,  wore  subdued  by  the  Eomans, 
and  in  the  6th  century  by  the  Franks. 

2.  The  name  Switzerland  is  derived 
from  that  of  the  canton  Schw}-tz.  be- 
cause its  inhabitants  distinguished  them- 
selves in  securing  the  freedom  of  the 
countrs-  from  Austria  (14th  century). 

3.  The  confederation  then  com- 
prised 1iut  three  states,  now  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  the  Republic. 


72 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


swilrx  t:n  L  A  -v  p  ITT 


ITALY-H" 

Sulo  of  Miles 


HAO-l.'Mf'Nfcllj  k  Tc,  0:k4re. 


ITALY  is  a  peninsula.  Tlie  distance  from  Mt.  Blanc,  on  the  northwest, 
to  the  Strait  of  Messina,  on  the  south,  is  700  miles — about  the  same  in  length 
as  the  State  of  California. 

What  count rj- north  of  Italy?  Northeast?  North- 
west? What  mountains  on  tlie  northern  border? 
N'orthcastem?  Northwestern?  What  chain  in  the 
penin.sula?     Ant.  The  Apennines. 

What  sea. east?  West?  Southeast?  \Miat  gulf 
southeast?  Northwest?  What  is  the  most  southern 
cape? 

Name  the  northern  di\-isionB, — the  central  and  south- 
ern. What  two  large  islands  west  of  Italy  ?  Which 
belongs  to  Prance?  Wliat  British  island  south  of 
Sicily?    On  what  coast  is  Naples?    Oen'oa? 

Where  are  the  Lipari  Is.  {lipa-rc)  ?  ^Vllere  is  Rome, 
the  most  celebrated  city  in  Europe  ?  Jlilan  ?  Genoa, 
the  birthplace  of  Columbus?  Venice?  Naples,  the 
largest  city  in  Italy?  Florence,  celebrated  for  its  val- 
uable collections  of  sculptures  and  paintings?  Leg- 
horn, an  important  rommercial  city  in  Italy? 

Obseri-e  that  Mt.  Blanc, Genoa,  Rome,  and  Najiles 
are  nearly  in  a  line  with  each  other,  and  that  the  city 
of  Naples  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  New  York. 

The  population  of  Naples  is  about  half  that  of  New 
York.    Population  of  Italy,  27,000,000. 


PI^YSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPl^Y, 

1.  ITALY  is  cilcbratcd  for  it.s  mild  winters,  clear 
sky,  and  due  scenery,  its  volcanoes,  ancient  ruins,  and 
works  of  art. 

2.  Tlie  three  famous  volcanoes  of  Italy  are  Vesuvius,  Etna, 
and  Strom  l«)li.    Tell  where  each  is  situated. 

3.  The  north  is  inclosed  by  several  di\'isionB  Oi"  the 
Ali)s,  whose  higii  summits  are  covered  with  perpetual 

snow. 

4.  The  Apennines  begin  at  the  Maritime  Alps, 
near  Genoa,  and  extend  through  the  peninsula. 

5.  On  account  of  its  shape  and  the  positions  of  ita 
mountain  chains,  Italy  has  liut  one  large  river,  the  Po, 
wliich  drains  the  rich  and  populous  plains  of  Piedmont 
and  Lombardy. 

0.  The  Po  River  has  numerous  branches  on  its 
northern  side,  many  of  which  drain  lakes  remarkable  for 
I  he  beauty  of  their  scenery. 

1.  The  principal  lakes  in  the  north  are  Garda, 
Como,  and  Maggiore  (mahd-jo'ra). 

8.  The  ■western  coast,  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance north  and  .south  of  Itome,  is  low  and  very  un- 
healthy. 

9.  The  mildness  of  the  winters  of  Central  and 
Southern  Italy  is  chiefly  due  to  the  influence  of  the 
winds  which  blow  over  the  waters  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea. 

J  U.  The  products  include  grain,  ailk,  wine,  olive- 
oU,  fruits,  marble,  and  sulphur. 

11.  The  Italians  are  a  mi.xed  race,  from  the  Greeks, 
Gauls,  Goths,  Germans,  and  Arabs.  They  have  a  dark 
complexion,  black  hair  and  eyes.  Many  are  refined  and 
well  educated.  Schools,  academies,  universities,  and 
libraries  are  numerous. 

12.  San    Marino,  a    small    republic,  is  northeast   of   Flor- 
ence. 


Romt.—  Tke  Tiber  jVjtv/-,  iM^i/i^  ajiun  tJu:  i£r<;aia.—Si.  I'tUrs  Catludral  and  CaitU  of  St,  Angela. 


A  view 


HISTORICAL   GEOGRAPFIY. 

1.  ITALY  was  settled  by  Greeks  in  llie  eio^hth  century,  B.  G.  P'or  a  long 
time  its  cities  liad  sei)arate  governments,  but  all  came  under  the  dominion  of 
Eome.     (For  Ancient  Geography  and  maps,  see  pages  90  and  91.) 

2.  Rome,  according  to  tradition,  was  founded  by  Romulus,  about  twenty- 
six  centuries  ago.  It  was  a  kingdom  about  300  years,  then  a  republic  about 
500  years,  ami  became  an  empire  in  the  year  .S"),  B.  C. 

3.  The  first  Emperor  after  Ceesar,  wiis  Augustus,  who 
the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era,  when  Rome  was  most  celebrated  for  its 
wealth,  power,  sjilcndor.  and  learning.     Its  dominion  extended  over  nearly  the 
whole  of  Europe.  Westi'rn  and  Southwestern  Asia,  and  \orthcm  Africa. 

4.  Constantine  was  the  first  emperor  who  was  converted  from  paganism 
to  Christianity  (:!0().  A.  D.l. 

5.  The  States  of  Italy  have  at  times  been  under  the  dominion  of 
France  and  Austria,  but  all  are  now  joined  together,  forming  the  Kingdom 
of  Italy. 

6.  Pom.peii  (pom-pat/ e)  and  Ilerculaneum,  ancient  cities  near  Naples, 
were  buried  under  the  ashes  sent  out  from  Vesuvius  during  an  eruption  (in 
79,  A.  D.). 


A  view  in  the  city  of  Naples.  The  streets  are  narr<r;v  and  paved  with 
blocks  of  lava.  The  houses  are  high^  gloomy^  and  crtrwded  ti^gether^ 
and  the  churches  are  remarkable  for  their  site  and  their  vaiuaSle 
ivtfrhs  of  art. 


74 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


j4    Swedish    home. — Reading    and  knittings  Javorite   tntployments 
during  the  long  "winter  evenings. 

SWEDEN,    NORWi^Y,    AND    DENI^^RK. 

Draw  Swvdvn,  1  m.  wide,  4J  ms.  long.  (See  p.  58.)  Complete  the 
map  of  Sweden  and  Norway.  Tlie  peninsula  of  Jutluud  is  K  m.  from  north 
to  south. 

Into  what  do  the  rivers  of  Sweden  flow?  Wliat  lakes  in  Sweden?  Wliat 
water  between  Norway  and  Denmark  ?  Sweden  and  Denmark  ?  Bound 
Sweden, — Norway, — Denmark.  Mention  their  cajjitals.  Where  is  North 
Cape?    The  Naze?     North  Sea?     The  Loffo'den  Is. ?    Gothland? 


PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRAPHY. 

1.  The  kingdoms  of  Swreden  and  Norivay,  now  under 
one  monarcli  wlio  resides  in  8tockliolni,  lonu  the  Scandinavian 
Peninsula;  each  ha.s  its  own  lejrislaturo. 

2.  Their  characteristics  are  their  indented  coast  lines  with 
numerous  islands,  their  forests  of  pines  and  firs,  and  their  long 
winters;  besides  these,  Nonvayis  noted  for  mountains,  glaciers,  and 
snowy  [K'aks,  and  Sweden  for  numerous  rivers  and  lakes. 

3.  Lumber,  fish,  and  ice  are  largely  exported. 

4.  Denmark  comprises  the  peninsula  of  Jutland  and  the 
islands  east  of  it.    Greenland  and  Iceland  belong  to  Denmark. 

5.  The  Swedes,  Nor- 
wegians, and  Danes  have 
a  light  complexion,  and 
are  strong,  industrious, 
and  hospitaljle.  Nearly 
all  can  read  and  write, 
their  children  being  coni- 
jx?lled  by  law  to  attend 
school;  they  are  em- 
ployed chiefly  in  agri- 
culture and  the  rearing 
of  cattle  and  horses™ 

6.  Copenhagen,  on 
the  island  of  Zealand,  is 
the  largest  city.     Stock-  \^  _-i 4^; - 
holm  is  built  on  several  ';=:;  >^ 
islands.  '^             '■' -."/-'^x. 


interior  T'trw  of  a  fishermafCs  cotlagt  in  LaptamL 

7.  At  Hammerfest,  the  most  northern  town  in  Europe,  the 
sun  in  summer  is  seen  untU  midnight. 

8.  The  established  religion  in  these  three  countries  is 
Lutheran.  Their  languages  are  different,  although  derived  from 
the  same  language,  which  is  still  spoken  in  Iceland. 

9.  The  Laplanders  live  in  the  most  northern  parts  of  Europe ; 
they  are  copper-colored  and  short,  the  men  being  less  than  five  feet 
in  height.  They  wear  furs,  live  in  huts  which  resemble  bakers' 
ovens,  and  subsist  on  the  milk  and  flesh  of  reindeer,  which  consti- 
tute their  entire  wealth. 


1 0.   Population  ' 
1,800,000. 


)f  Sweden,  4,000,000  ;  of  Norway,  1,700,000  ;  of  Denmark, 


tohsters^  dried  and  sotted  Jiih  (chiejly  herring  and  cod)^  are  carried  en. 


HISTORICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

1 .  The  early  history  of  these  three  countries  is  obscure. 

2.  The  people  were  converted  from  paganism  to  Christi- 
anity about  till'  10th  century,  and  were  sometimes  allied  and  some- 
times at  war  with  each  other. 

3.  The  most  celebrated  sovereign  of  Sweden  was  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus,  who  reigned  in  the  early  part  of  the  17th  centurj'. 

4.  Norw^ay  was  joined 

to  Sweden  in  1814. 

5.  Denmark  extend- 
ed south  to  the  Elbe 
until  1864,  when  the 
duchies  of  Sleswick, 
Ilolstein,  and  Lauen- 
burg  were  taken  by 
Prussia. 

0.  The  Danes  were 
long  noted  for  their  dar- 
ing, csijecially  on  the 
.sea;  and,  in  the  11th 
century,  they  held  Eng- 
land and  a  part  of  Scot- 
land in  subjection.  (See 
page  62,  paragraph  6.) 


hipbuilding  and  an    export    trade    in    lumber^ 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


75 


A'uidta  and  t/td  Kussiuns. 

RUSSIA,    TURKEY,    ^ND    GREECE. 

What  five  countries  of  Europe  border  on  Russia  V  What  ocean  and  sea 
north?  Three  seas  south?  Sea  and  three  gulfs  west?  'What  mountains 
and  rivers  on  its  boundary  ?  What  rivers  in  Russia  flow  north  ?  Southeast  ? 
South?  West?  Between  what  gulf  and  lake  is  St.  Petersburg?  What 
peninsula  in  the  north ?  South?  Where  is  Moscow ?  Warsaw?  Archangel? 
Ooessa  ? 

Bound  Turkey.  Mention  its  capital, — its  mountains, — its  rivers.  What 
straits  connect  the  Sea  of  Marmora  with  the  Black  Sea  and  Archipelago  ? 

Bound  Greece.     What  islands  near  it  ?    What  peninsula  in  the  south  ? 

PHYSICAL  AND  DESCRIPTIVE  GEOGRi^PHY. 

1.  The  characteristics  of  RUSSIA  are  its  vast  plains, 
forests,  and  marshes;  cold  and  barren  in  the  north,  but  highly 
productive  of  grain  in  the  center  and  south. 

2.  The  animals  comprise  horses,  cattle,  sheep, 
goats,  bears,  and  beavers,  besides  reindeer  in  the 
north,  and  camels  in  the  south. 

3.  The  exports  include  leather,  hemp,  flax, 
tallow,  timl)er.  and  furs. 

4.  The  Russians  are  generally  uneducated. 
They  are  stout  and  strong,  and  have  brown  or 
sandy  hair ;  their  houses,  which  are  built  of  wood, 
lack  comfort  and  cleanliness.  The  Eussians  and 
Turks  are  civil  and  veiy  grave  in  manner. 

5.  The  TURKISH  or  OTTOMAN  EM- 
PIRE has  ])ossessioiis  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  AlVic-n. 

6.  Turkey  in  Europe  consists  of  moun- 
tains, valleys.  ;iih1  jilains.    The  forests  arc  extensive. 

T.  Among  the  leading  exports  are  grain. 
wiiiil.  cotton,  goats'  hair,  and  opium. 

8.  The  people  are  of  different  races.  The 
Mohauiinedans,  who  are  the  ruling  class,  consti- 
tute one-third  of  the  population,  and  .«i)eak  the 
Arabic  language. 

9.  The  Turks  are  proud,  hospitable,  and  in- 
dolent, spending  much  of  their  time  in  smoking 
long  pipes  and  sipping  coffee.  The  women  of  the 
upper  classes,  when  they  appear  in  the  streets, 
have  their  faces  closely  veDed. 


10.  In  Turkey  and  Greece  the  schools  are  attended  chiefly 
by  boys. 

Constantinople,  which  was  founded  by  Constantine,  the  first  Chrisitian  em- 
peror of  Rome,  is  the  third  city  in  size  in  Europe,  ha\-ing  about  the  same 
population  as  Xew  York.     What  cities  in  Europe  are  larger? 

11.  GREECE  is  the  most  southeastern  country  in  Europe. 

VZ.  Its  characteristics  are  its  mountainous  suriace,  beautiful 
scenery,  mQd  climate,  and  ruins  of  ancient  art. 

13.  Its  exports  comprise   currants,  lead,  silk,  figs,  olive-oil, 

wine,  bees-was,  and  tropical  fruits. 

14.  The  Greeks  are  active  and  gay ;  they  have  dark  eyes  and 
hair  and  an  olive-colored  complexion.  They  are  largely  engaged 
in  agriculture  and  pasturage.    Their  principal  crop  is  currants. 

15.  The  government  is  a  constitutional  monarchy  (see  page 
13,  paragraph  32.)     The  language  resembles  the  ancient  Greek. 

16.  The  p&ople  of  these  three  countries  are  mostly  members 
of  the  Greek  church  (Christians). 

Pop.  of  Russia  in  Europe,  70,000,000  ;  Turkey,  18,000,000;  Greece,  1,460,000. 

I^ISTORICJ^L    GEOGRi^PHY. 

1,  GREECE  was  the  first  civilized  nation  in  Europe.  (See 
p.  91,)  It  was  in  the  height  of  its  power  in  the  ith  and  5th  cen- 
turies, B.  C,  when  its  famous  battles  were  fought,  and  its  cele- 
brated poets,  philosophers,  orators,  and  sculptors  appeared.  Wealth, 
luxury,  jealousies,  decay,  and  subjugation  followed  in  turn.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Romans  in  the  2d  century,  B.  C,  and  by  the  Turks  in 
the  15th  century,  A.  D.    It  became  again  indejjendeut  in  1829,  A.  D. 

2,  The  most  celebrated  ruler  of  Russia  was  Peter  the 
Great,  who  founded  St,  Petersbm-gh  nearly  200  years  ago. 

3,  Moscow  was  captured  by  Xa|)oleon  (in  1812),  but  the  city 
was  set  on  fire,  and  the  French  compelled  to  retreat  with  great  loss. 

4,  The  ■war  between  Russia  and  Turkey  (in  1854-'5)  was 
caused  by  the  invasion  of  Turkey  by  the  Russians,  who  were  de- 
feated.   The  Turks  were  aided  bv  Fi-auce,  England,  and  Sardinia. 


-iS^tlk"    -     '-"l 


Athens^  tke  capitai  of  Greece.     On  the  height ,  called  the  AcropciU  ar  citadtl^  are  the  mint  o/  the  Parthtmon 
and  other  heathen  temples^  which  were  built  about  t/n  years  B.  C. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


77 


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78 


MONTEI'lH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


1.  Northern   Asia, 

or  Siberia,  is  rumarkuble 
for  its  great  lowland 
plains,  which  slope  grad- 
ually from  south  to  north. 
-'.  Its  great  plains 
contain  uxtcnsivi'  fiavsl.s 
8tepj)es  or  jjrairies,  marsli- 
I'S,  fro.-ii  ami  s;ilt  luki-s. 
I  3.  In  the  south  ar. 
nioiuitains  and  valleys. 

4.  The  winters  are 
long  and  intensely  cold  ; 

I  the  summers  are  short  and 
'  hot. 

5.  In  the  northern 
part  of  Siberia  the  soil 
three  feet  below  the  sur- 
face is  i)er|xjtually  frozen. 

0.  Yakoutsk,  on  the 

,  Lena  liiver,  the  center  of 

j  the  fur-trade  of  Eastern 

Siberia,  is  the  coldest  city 


^^:^^^ 


A    virw   in   Ntjrtkern   Asia. —  TAe   Steppts   or   I'rairies   of  Siberia. 


in  the  world,  and  Mecca, 
in  Arabia,  is  the  hottest. 

T.  Siberia    is   rich 

in  metals,  precious  stones, 
and  fur-bearing  animals 
— sable,  ermine,  marten, 
beaver,  bear.  etc. 

8.  The  white  inhab- 
itants are  ciiielly  Rus- 
sian settlers,  crimin.ils, 
and  exiles  from  Hussia. 

'•.  The  natives  are 
idolators  and  very  de- 
graded ;  they  have  no  set- 
tled habitations,  subsisU 
ing  chiefly  by  fishing  and 
hunting.  In  winter  they 
live  in  huts  under  grinind. 

10.  Siberia  is  a  part 
of  the  Kussian  Empire, 
whose  capital  is  St  Pe- 
tersburg, in  Europe. 


1 .   India,   what  rivers  in  Hindoostan  ?     In  Farther  India  ? 

Where  is  Bengal '.'  Sinde?  Puiijaubv  Binnali?  Siam  ?  Anam '(  Nepaul  ? 
BfiotanV  Calcutta'.'  MiidratiV  Bombay?  Cashmere?  Mandelay';  Bang- 
kok V    Hue?    Oulf  of  Tonquin?    O.  ofSiamK     0.  ofCambay?     G.  ofCutchV 

2.  India  is  remarkable  for  its  hot,  wet,  and  unhealthy  cli- 
mate, anil  tile  richness  (if  its  productions. 

.3.  Its  surface  consists  of  mountains,  pla- 
teaus, and  lowlands. 

4.  In  the  Himalayas  are  tlie  sources 
of  the  (fanges,  Indus,  and  Rrahmaiiutra. 

5.  British  India  includes  Hin- 
dix)stan  and  the  east  coast  of  the      / 
Bay  of  Bengal. 

G.  The  lowlands 
are  chiefly  in  the  valleys 
of  the  Ganges  and  In- 
dus Rivers. 

7.  The  rain -fall 
is  immense  on  the  west- 
ern coast  and  along  the 
Brahmaputra. 

8.  The  Valley  of 

the  Ganges  is  celebrated 
for  its  fertile  soil  and 
dense  population. 

9.  The  trees  of  In- 
dia comprise  the  teak, 
the  cocoanut,  bamlwo. 
banyan,  tamarind,  and 
palm. 

10.  Teak  wcid  is  valu- 
able for  shipbuilding,  and 
the  cocoanut  is  useful  in 
many  ways;  of  its  leaves 


A  Virut  in  Southern  Asia. — India. —  The  Himalayas^  the  highest  mountains  on  the  Gtob£. — Sourt^c  of  the  Ganges  River. 


the  natives  thatch  their  houses ;  its  fibres  are  made  into  matting,  brooms,  and 
baskets ;  its  sap  is  used  for  drink,  and  its  nut  for  food. 

11.  The  chief  exports  are  cotton,  opium,  dyes,  drugs,  spices, 
rice,  silk,  carpets,  and  shawls. 

12.  The  wild  animals  are  numerous;  they  include  the  ele- 
phant, rhinoceros,  buUalo,  lion,  bear,  tiger,  panther,  leopard,  and 

monkey.    Crocodiles  and  serpents  also  abound. 

13.  The   Hindoos  are  of  a  dark 

complexion  and  have  straight  black  hair; 

they  belong  to  the  Caucasian  race. 

14.  Their  religion  is  Brah- 

minism,  a  form  of  idolatry. 

15.  The  population  is 
over  four  times  that  of 
the  United  States. 

10.  Calcutta,  the 
cajiital,  is  the  chief 
commercial  city  in 
Asia. 

17.  The  term  In- 
dia often  refers  to  Brit- 
ish India  alone.  Cash- 
mere, Xepaul,  and  Boo- 
tau,  are  independent, 

1  s.  Farther  India, 
or  Indo-China,  is  com- 
posed chiefly  of  the  in- 
dependent governments 
of  Birmah,  Siam,  and 
Anam  ;  its  western 
)>art  belongs  to  Great 
Britain.  The  Malay 
Peninsula  is  the  most 
southern  part  of  Asia. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


79 


I.  SOUTHWESTERN  ASIA  (comprising  Ai-abia, 
Turkey,  Persia,  Turkestau',  AfgliauisUin',  and  Beloochis- 
tan')  is  remarkable  for  its  plateaus,  deserts,  and  hot  sum- 
mers. 

Questions  on  the  Map  of  Asia. — Bound  Turkey  in  Asia. 
What  is  that  part  called  which  is  east  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 
East  of  the  Red  Sea  ?     Describe  its  two  large  rivers. 

Where  is  Smyrna?  Jerusalem?  Mt.  Sinai?  The  island  of 
Cyprus  ?  Bound  Arabia.  Wliere  is  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb  ? 
Strait  of  Orm  us?    Mocha?     Muscat?     Sana  («aA-?ja/t')  ? 

Bound  Persia.  Where  is  Teheran  {teh-her-ahn),  its  capital? 
Mt.  Ararat?  Where  are  the  Elburz  Mountains?  Has  Persia  any 
large  rivers  ?  Is  th«  surface  of  Persia  high  or  low  ?  (See  Relief 
Map  of  Asia.) 

What  and  where  is  the  capital  of  Afghanistan  ?     Beloochistan  ? 

3.  The  rainless  or  desert  region  of  Asia  ex- 
tends from  the  Eed  Sea  to  the  northeastern  part  of  the 
Chinese  Empire.    Where  is  the  Desert  of  Gobi,  or  Gobi  ? 

3.  The  tribes  and  languages  of  these  countries  are 
numerous ;  their  governments  are  despotic,  and  the  pre- 
vaihng  religion  is  Mohammedanism.  The  languages  most 
in  u.se  are  the  Arabian  and  Persian. 

4.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  a  wandering  peo- 
ple, whose  property  consists  of  sheep,  goats,  horses,  and 
camels. 

5.  Inland  trade  is  largely  carried  on  by  means  cf 
camels  in  large  companies,  called  caravans;  but  between 
Persia  and  Russia,  it  is  by  way  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 

6.  The  chief  exports  are  silk  fabrics,  shawls,  car- 
pets, fruits,  wool,  hides,  etc.  Besides  these,  Arabia  pro- 
duces coffee,  grain,  dates,  and  medicines,  and  in  Persia  are 
large  deposits  of  salt. 

7.  The  chiefs  of  nomadic  (wandering)  tribes  are  called 
sheiks ;  the  sovereign  of  Persia  is  called  the  shah. 

8.  The  Afghans  are  warlike  and  semi-barbarous. 

9.  The  Bedouins  are  fierce,  warlike,  dishonest,  and 
revengeful ;  they  dwell  in  tents,  and  move  from  place  to 
place  to  find  pasture  for  their  flocks  and  herds. 

10.  The  inhabitants  of  Western  Asia  are  chiefly  of 
a  brown  complexion,  yet  they  belong  to  the  Caucasian 
race.  The  men  wear  long  gowns  or  mantles.  The  women 
are  made  to  work  hard,  and  are  but  little  respected. 

II.  The  largest  cities  in  Western  Asia  are  Smyrna,  Tabriz, 
and  Damascus.     Where  are  they  ? 

12.  Turkestan  is  chiefly  under  the  dominion  of  Eussia* 

13.  Damascus  is  the  oldest  city  in  the  world ;  it  was  formerly 
celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  sword-blades. 

14.  Mecca  is  the  birth-place  of  Mohammed,  and  is  considered 
holy  by  his  followers. 

The  creed  of  the  Mohammedans  or  Moslems  is  called  Is'lamism.  It  claims 
that  Mohammed  was  God's  prophet,  and  requires  washings,  fastings,  almsgiv- 
ing, sobriety,  pilgrimage  to  Mecca,  and  praying  five  times  every  day  with  the 
face  toward  Mecca. 

15.  Mocha  is  celebrated  for  coffee.    Where  is  Mocha  ?    Mecca  ? 

16.  Arabia  comprises  desert  tracts,  with  rich  oases,  some  of 
which  yield  luxuriant  vegetation  and  support  crowded  popula- 
tions. 

17.  The  population  of  the  Wahabee  empire,  in  Central  Arabia, 
is  more  than  a  million.    Its  capital  is  Ri'ad. 


PALESTINE 

ScalinfMIJei 


PALESTINE.  What  were  its  foar  diviaiona?  What  sea  west? 
What  is  the  largest  river  ?  Through  what  aea  does  the  Jordan  flow  1  Into 
what  sea  does  it  empty  ? 

What  large  city  in  the  northern  part  of  Judea  ?  ^Vhat  city  south  of  Jeru- 
salem V  Wliat  mount  and  village  east  ?  (See  corner  of  map.)  Where  is  the 
site  of  Jericho  ?     \Vliat  city  on  the  northwest  coast  ? 

Name  the  principal  places  in  Samaria. 

In  what  part  of  Galilee  is  Nazareth?  Mt.  Tabor?  Mt.  QUboa?  Mt.  Car- 
mel?    Tiberias?    The  site  of  Capernaum ?    Eadesh? 

18.  Palestine,  the  southern  part  of  Syria,  is  under  the  dominion 
of  Turkey.     It  is  but  little  larger  than  Vermont 

19.  The  surface  is  level  in  the  west,  and  high  in  the  center. 
The  Dead  Sea  and  the  lower  valley  of  the  Jordan  are  more  than 
1300  feet  below  the  level  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  the  climate 
of  that  region  is  intensely  hot. 

20.  The  plains  of  Sharon  and  Esdrae'lon  arc  very  fertile,  pro- 
ducing gi'aiu,  gi-ass.  and  tropical  fi-uits;  but  the  hills  of  Judea  and 
eastward  to  the  Dead  Sea  are  mostly  barren  and  rocky.  The  gov- 
ernment is  inefiicieut,  crops  and  other  property  are  insecure,  and  agri- 
culture is  in  a  backward  state.  In  some  places,  shepherds  and  trav- 
elers must  be  armed  for  protection  against  the  attacks  of  Bedouins. 


80 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


I-   ii^ilude  East  from  Oryanwlch  U4 


CnrsA  AND  Jap.vk: — What  are  tho  boundaries  of  Cliinov  Wlint  moun- 
tains in  Cliina?  What  seas  east?  Wlmt  two  large  rivers  flow  through 
China  ?     Into  what  do  they  empty? 

What  islands  east  of  the  Sea  of  Japan  ?  East  of  Cliina  ?  South  and  south- 
east of  China  ?  What  desert  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Cliinese  Empire? 
What  peninsula  ill  the  east  ?  Where  is  Pekin?  Canton?  Nankin?  King- 
tetching  ?    Changchow  ?    Tientsin  ?    Soochow  ?    Amoy  ?     Shanghai  7 

Mention  the  Japan  Islands.  Whirh  is  the  largest  ?  \Vliere  is  To'kio  ? 

Wliat  strait  between  Hondo  and  Yezo  (or  Jesso)  ?  What  channel  s.  w.  1 
In  what  part  of  Japan  is  Yokohama,  its  chief  seaport?  Nagasaki?  Kioto? 
Hakodate?    Ozaka? 

What  cities  in  the  United  States  are  in  the  same  latitude  as  the  northern 
part  of  Japan  ?    (See  margins.) 

^Miat  ))arts  of  Asia  and  what  cities  in  North  America  are  between  the  par- 
allels of  40   and  50'  north  latitude?    {See  Maps  of  Asia  and  Xorth  America.) 

What  parts  of  America,  Europe,  and  Asia  are  between  the  parattels  of  oO° 
and  60   north  latitude  ? 

The  parallel  of  30',  which  passes  over  New  Orleans,  passes  over  what 
parts  of  Asia? 

1.  THE  CHINESE  EMPIRE  contains  about  onc-tliird  the 
population  of  the  Globe. 

'i.  In  its  northern  part  is  a  vast  rainless  region,  the  desert  of 
Gobi  or  Gobi ;  but  in  Mantehooria  and  in  the  northwest  thefe  are 
large  fertile  tracts. 

3.  China  proper  forms  one-third  of  the  Empire.  Its  surface 
is  high  on  the  west  and  north,  with  rich  and  highly-cultivated 
plains  in  the  center. 

4.  The  agricultural  products  are  tea,  rice,  cotton,  sugar, 
grain,  and  fruits.  In  the  south,  oHves,  oranges,  and  pineapples  are 
raised,  and  the  mulberry  tree  is  cultivated  for  the  support  of  the 
silkworm. 

5.  Its  manufactures  comprise  silk  goods  and  porcelain  ware. 


6.  The  mineral  products  inc  hide  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead, 

iron,  and  cnnl. 

7.  The  climate  is  colder  in  winter  and  wanner  in  summer 
than  in  corresponding  latitudes  in  California  and  "R'estem  Europe. 
Why  ?  (See  p.  11.)  In  summer  the  heat  is  intense,  v'ith  hurricanes, 
typhoons,  and  thiiiulerstorms. 

8.  The  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  Tibetans  belong  to  the  Mon- 
golian race,  and  are  very  singular  in  their  appearance.  They  are 
small  in  stature.  Their  color  is  dark  yellow,  their  eyes  black,  small, 
and  obliquely  set,  and  their  dress,  habits,  and  modes  of  agriculture 
and  manufiicture  are  similar  to  what  tliey  were  thousands  of  years 
ago.  They  are  industrious,  peaceful,  and  have  great  respect  for  the 
aged,  and  veneration  for  the  dead.  The  Japanese  have  adopted  the 
European,  or  American,  style  of  dress.  The  heads  of  Chinamen  are 
shaven,  except  a  long  lock  called  a  queue  {qu),  and  the  upper 
classes  usually  appear  with  umbrella  and  fan. 

0.  The  religions  of  China  are  those  of  Buddha,  Confucius, 
and  Tao.  Buddhism,  which  is  the  most  prevalent,  is  now  a  kind 
of  paganism. 

10.  The  people  are  gradually  changing  their  cu  *;om8, 
owing  to  their  intercourse  with  Americans  and  Europeans. 

11.  The  Chinese  are  addicted  to  the  use  of  opium,  which 
is  largely  imjiorted  from  Hindoostan  and  Asia  Minor. 

12.  The  great  w^all  on  the  north  was  built  for  protection  from 
their  enemies,  the  Tartars  (3d  century,  B.  C). 

13.  Pekin,  the  capital,  is  one  of  the  four  largest  cities  in  the 
world ;  London,  Paris,  Pekin,  and  New  Ygrk. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


81 


14.  Canton,  with  a  population  equal  to  that  of  New  York 
(1,000,000),  is  the  chief  commercial  city  ui  the  empire.  It  exDorts 
tea,  silk,  precious  metals,  sugar,  and  porcelain. 

15.  TIBET,  or  THIBET,  is  very  high  and  dry.  Vegetation 
and  fuel  are  scarce.  ' 

16.  It  manufactures  considerable  cloth  for  China. 

17.  THE  EMPIRE  OF  JAPAN  or  NIPPON  is  com- 
posed of  islands,  the  largest  of  which  are  Hondo  {hone  do),  Yezo  or 
Jesso,  Kiushiu  (ke-oo's/ie-oo'),  and  Shikoku. 

18.  Its  area  is  about  the  same  as  that  of  California,  which  lies 
due  eiist,  and  its  population  (33,000,000)  is  nearly  equal  to  that  of 
the  United  States.  Its  capital  is  Tokio  {lo'ke-o),  formerly  called 
Yedo. 

19.  The  climate  is  tropical  in  the  south,  temperate  and  cold 
in  the  north. 

20.  Japan  contains  many  mountains  and  active  volcanoes. 

21.  Agriculture  receives  great  attention.  Most  of  the  hills 
are  cultivated  to  their  summits.  The  products  comprise  grain,  tea, 
cotton,  sugar-cane,  and  tobacco,  besides  camphor  and  varnish. 

22.  The  principal  food  of  the  inhabitants  of  Farther  India, 
Japan,  and  the  Philippine  Islands  consists  of  rice  and  fish. 

23.  The  mineral  products  are  gold,  silver,  copper,  and 
coal. 


24.  The  islands  are  remarkable  for  the  frequency  of 
heavy  rains,  fearful  hurricanes,  earthquakes,  and  volcanic  erup- 
tions. 

25.  The  Japanese  and  Chinese  belong  to  the  Mongolian  race. 

26.  The  Japanese  manufactures  which  are  celebrated  in- 
clude sword-blades,  watches,  silk  goods,  camphor,  varnish,  porce- 
lain, lacquer  and  japanned  ware;  in  the  latter,  excelling  every 
other  nation  in  the  world. 

27.  The  first  treaty  between  Japan  and  the  United  States 
was  concluded  by  Com.  Perry  (18.54). 

28.  The  earliest  authentic  accounts  of  China  and  Japan 

published  in  Eurojx;  were  given  liy  Marco  Polo,  a  celebrated  trav- 
eler of  the  13th  century. 

29.  Education  in  China  and  Japan  is  encouraged  and  well  re- 
warded. 

30.  The  Chinese  language  is  the  oldest  spoken  language 
in  the  world. 

31.  The  Philippine  Islands  (fil'ip-pin)  belong  to  Spain. 

They  export  sugar,  toliacco,  hemp,  and  rope. 

32.  The  people  are  chiefly  Malays,  many  of  whom  are  intelli- 
gent mechanics. 

33.  Manilla  is  the  capital  and  chief  seaport  of  the  Phihppines. 


TOPICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


EUROPE. 

Wliere  is  Europe  situated  ?  What  is  its  comparative  extent  ?  Where  are 
its  great  plains  ?  Its  high  mountains  ?  Mention  its  principal  rivers.  \Vliat 
can  you  say  of  the  Rhine  ? 

What  countries  have  a  cold  climate  ?    A  warm  climate  ?    A  moist  climate  ? 

Ask  the  following  questions  about  each  of  the  countries  in  Europe  : 


ENGLAND, 

SCOTLAND, 

IKELAMD, 

FRANCE, 

SPAIN, 

PORTUGAL, 

BELGIUM, 

HOLLAND, 

PRUSSIA, 

GERMAN    EMPIRE, 

AUSTRIA, 

SWITZERLAND, 

ITALY, 

SWEDEN, 

NORWAY, 

RUSSIA, 

TURKEY, 

GREECE. 


What  is  its  latitude  or  position 
on  the  Globe? 

What  can  you  say  of  its  size? 

Surface  ? 

Climate? 

Products  and  exports? 

Manufactures? 

Inhabitants? 

Occupations     of     the     inhabit- 
ants? 

/        History? 


ASIA. 


What  can  you  say  of  its  size  ?  Position  on  the  Globe  ?  Where  are  its 
great  mountains  ?  Plains  ?  Deserts  ?  What  is  the  climate  of  Northern 
Asia  ?     Southern  Asia  8 

W\.\aX  can  you  say  of  the  inhabitants  of  Siberia  t  What  are  exported  from 
Siberia  ? 

Name  the  coldest  city  in  the  world.  Where  is  it  ?  Which  is  the  hottest 
city  in  the  world  ?    Where  is  it  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  climate  of  India  ?  What  are  its  principal  pro- 
ducts?   Trees?    Manufactures?    Wild  animals?     Its  inhabitants? 

In  what  occupation  are  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  Western  Asia  engaged  ? 
To  what  race  do  the  people  of  Southwestern  Asia  belong?    What  is  their 
complexion  ?     Are  their  languages  few  or  many?     What  is  the  style  of  their 
dress  ?    What  are  the  leading  exports  from  the  southwestern  countries  of  i 
Asia? 

What  arc  the  people  of  Afghanistan  railed  ?  %Vliat  can  you  say  of  the 
Afghans?  Of  the  Bedouins?  Uuder  what  government  is  Palestine  or  the 
Holy  Land  ?  VThat  are  the  largest  and  most  celebrated  cities  in  Western 
Asia  ? 

\Miat  can  you  say  of  Arabia  ?    Of  the  Valley  of  the  .Tordan  ? 

\\liat  three  countries  in  Asia  are  under  Euro]>ean  governments? 

Mention  the  principal  agricultural  products  of  Eastern  and  Southeastern 
Asia, — manufactures  Which  of  the  Asiatics  belong  to  the  Mongolian  race  ? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  size  of  those  people  ?  Their  color  ?  Dress ?  Food? 
Disposition?     Religions? 


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MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


83 


i>^  ^ 


AFRICA. 

1.  AFRICA  is  the  hottest  and  most  central  division  of  the 
Earth ;  the  Equator  passes  almost  through  its  center.  - 

3.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  high  surface,  extensive  deserts, 
and  hot  climate. 

3.  Its  coasts  are  low  and  unhealthy,  but  the  interior  consists 
of  high  table-lands.  Africa  is  deficient  in  gulfs,  bays,  and  other 
indentations  of  the  coast. 

Compare  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  the  United  States  with  those  of  Africa. 

4.  Its  northern  part  is  directly  east  of  the  Southern  States. 

5.  Its  principal  mountain  chains  are  near  the  coast. 

GENERAL   QUESTIONS. 

By  what  is  Africa  bounded  on  the  north?  East?  South  ?  West?  What 
cape  at  its  nortliern  extremity  V     Southern?     Eastern?     We.stem  ? 

What  large  island  southeast  ?  \Vhat  channel  between  it  and  the  main 
land  ?  What  strait  at  the  entrance  to  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ?  At  the  en- 
trance to  the  Red  Sea?  What  gulf  and  island  near  Cape  Guardafui  (girnr- 
dfih-ficee')1  \^Tiat  group  of  islands  west  of  CapeVerdV  Cwpe  Verd  IsUiniU. 
What  groups  northwest  of  Africa  ? 

What  two  higli  mountains  south  of 
the  Equator?  Wliat  range  in  Northern 
Africa?    What  other  ranges  in  Africa? 

What  lakes  near  the  Equator  ? 
Wliat  great  rivers  di'aiu  them  ?  What 
large  river  in  Western  A  f  rica  ? 

What  desert  in  the  north  ?  What 
countries  border  on  the  Mediterranean 
Sea?  On  the  Red  Sea?  On  the  Gulf 
of  Guinea?  What  countries  between 
the  Equator  and  the  Tropic  of  Capri- 
corn? What  countries  south  of  that 
tropic? 

What  city  in  the  United  States  is 
in  the  same  latitude  as  Cairo,  the  capi- 
tal of  Egypt?  (See  page  23.)  What 
city  in  Africa  is  in  the  same  latitude  as 
Charleston  ? 

Over  what  part  of  Africa  does  the 
Equator  pass?  The  Tropic  of  Cancer? 
The  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ?  In  what 
zone  is  the  greater  part  of  Africa? 
What  countries  are  in  the  North  Tem- 
perate Zone?  The  Soutli  Temperate 
Zone? 

Bound  Egypt.  On  what  river  is  its 
capital'.'  What  city  near  the  western 
moutli  of  the  Nile  V  What  town  at 
the  head  of  the  Red  Sea?  At  the 
junction  of  the  Blue  and  the  AVhite 
Nile?  In  Fezzan  ?  What  are  the  capi- 
tals of  Morocco  (or  Marocco)?  What 
is  the  Capital  of  Algeria?  Tunis? 
Ashantee  ?      Dah'omey  ?    Cape  Colony  ? 

What  town  and  cape  on  the  coast 
of  Liberia?  \Vhat  town  on  the  coast 
of  Sierra  Leone  (se-er'rah  la-o'na)  1 

What  canal  connects  the  Mediterranean 
and  Red  Seas  ?    Ans.  The  Suez  Canal. 

By  what  two  routes  can  you  sail  from 
Spain  to  the  Indian  Ocean  ? 

Wliat  village  on  the  eastern  side  of 
Lake  Tanganyika  ? 

For  Map  l>r awing  see  p.  tf  7. 


REVIEW   QUESTIONS. 

IVkere  are  thty  f 

Mountains :— Atlas,         Kong,         Cameroons, 
Mt.  Kilimandjaro. 

Rivers  : — Nile,  Niger,  Zambeze, 

Orange,  Senegal,  Blue, 

Capes  : — Bon,        Agulhas,        Good  Hope,        Guardafui  (fwee'), 
Verd,      Blanco,  Frio  (/re'o),         Palmas. 

Islands  : — Madagascar,       Com'oro  Is.,      Socotra,        St.  Helena, 
Azore  Is.,  Madeira  Is.,      Canary  Is.,    Zanzibar. 


Mt.  Kenia, 

Congo, 
Coanza. 


Observe  that  the  mountain  ranges  lie  in  the  same  general  direction  as 
the  coasts,  which  are  near  them  ;  that  the  highest  mountains  and  lakes  are 
on  the  eastern  side,  and  near  the  Equator;  that  the  sources  of  the  Nile, 
Zambezi,  and  Congo  Rivers  are  on  the  great  table-lands  of  the  interior, 
which  are  very  high  and  abundantly  supplied  with  rain ;  and  that  north  of 
the  central  part  of  Nubia  the  Nile  flows  through  a  long,  narrow  valley,  with- 
out receiving  a  single  tributary. 


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RELIEF  MAP 

OK 

AFRICA 


jt>^  r4^rr  re 


84 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


A  vinv  in  Northern  Africa. —  Tangier^  a  town  in  Mtrocco^  near  the  entrance   to  the 


AFRICA. 

1.  AFRICA  is 
chiefly  a  great  table- 
land ;  its  rainless  or  des- 
ert region  is  Sahara,  in 
the  north.  South  of  the 
center,  rain  is  abund- 
ant, supplj-ing  the  Nile, 
Zambezi,  Congo,  and 
other  rivers,  besides  ex- 
tensive lakes. 

2.  The  principal 
lakes  in  Central  Af- 
rica are  Victoria,  Al- 
bert, Tanganyika,  and 
Tchad. 

3.  The  produc- 
tions of  Africa  com- 
prise grain,  cotton, 
sugjir,  coffee,  tobacco, 
indigo,  ivory,  ebony, 
ostrich  feathers,  palm 
oil,  and  tropical  fruits. 

4.  The  -wild  ani- 
mals arc  Very  numer- 
ous ;  they  comprise  the 
lion,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  hippopotamus,  leopard,  giraffe,  zebra,  and 
monkey.  The  gorilla  is  found  in  the  Equatorial  regions,  and  the 
crocodile  in  the  rivers. 

5.  The  Barbary  States  are  in  the  north.  They  comprise 
Morocco,  Algeria,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli.  Barca  and  Fezzan  belong  to 
Tripoli.  These  countries  are  inhabited  by  Moors,  Berbers,  Aralis, 
and  Turks— all  Mohammedans  and  Caucasians,  with  straight  black 
hair  and  of  a  dark  complexion.  (See  page  66,  Historical  Geography, 
paragraph  'l^ 

6.  Cattle,  horses,  and  goats  are  numerous. 

7.  Rains  are  frt-queut  in  winter,  but  seldom  seen  in  summer. 

8.  The  principal  products  of  Barbary  arc  leather,  wool, 
grain,  and  olive  oU,  with  dates,  olives,  and  other  fruits. 

9.  Morocco  is  an  empire ;  Algeria  belongs  to  France ;  Tunis 
(ancient  Carthage)  and  Tripoli  are  each  governed  by  a  Bey,  who  is 
subject  to  the  Sultan  of  Turkey. 

10.  Egypt  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  Florida.  It  has  hot  sum- 
mers, mild  winters,  no  snow,  and  but  little  rain. 

11.  The  Valley  of  the  Nile  is  celebrated  for  its  fertility, 
due  to  the  annual  rise  of  the  river  Nile. 

12.  In  Egypt,  the  river  is  inclosed  between  high  banks,  through 
which  the  water  is  conducted  in  narrow  channels,  and  allowed  to 
cover  the  land,  leaving  a  rich  sediment. 

13.  The  rise  of  the  water'  caused  by  the  abundant  rains 
on  the  highlands  of  Eastern  and  Central  Africa,  begins  at  Cairo  in 
June,  and  conrinues  until  September.  "Without  the  Nile,  Egypt 
would  l)e  a  desert. 

14.  Considerable  trade  between  Europe  and  India  is  carried 
on  through  Egyjtt,  by  way  of  the  canal  and  railroad  which  extend 
from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Red  Sea. 

1.5.  The  inhabitants  of  Egypt  comprise  Fellahs,  Copts,  Arabs, 
and  Turks.     The  Fellahs  are  tiie  peasants  and  laborers,  and  the 


X 


tops  o/  tkt  kouus^  which  are  Jiat^  are  the  popular  resort  in   the  coot  0/  the  evening. 


Turks  are  the  mUng 
class.  All  are  Moham- 
medans, except  the 
Copts,  who  are  Chris- 
tians. Besides  these, 
many  Eurojx^ans,  Jews, 
and  Syrians  hve  in 
Egvpt. 

16.  The  language 
of  the  Egyptians  is 
Arabic ;  their  com- 
jilexion  is  a  brown- 
ish yellow.  They  be- 
long to  the  Caucasian 
race. 

1 7.  Cairo  is  the  cap- 
ital  and  largest  city. 
Alexandria,  founded  by 
Alexander  the  Creat, 
is  the  principal  sea- 
port 

18.  Egypt  is  cel- 
ebrated fur  its  niag- 
nilicent  pyramids,  tem- 
ples, obelisks,  statues, 
and  tombs  built  more 
than  4000  years  ago. 

Cheops  (ke'ops),  the  great  pyramid,  is  over  450  feet  high,  and  its  base 
covers  an  area  of  twelve  acres. 

19.  Nubia  is  a  desert,  except  the  valley  of  the  Nile  and  its 
southern  or  rainy  section,  where  vegetation  is  abundant.  It  is 
under  the  dominion  of  Egypt,  and  its  inhabitants  are  Arabs  and 
blacks,  all  Mohammedans. 

20.  Abyssinia  is  noted  for  its  high  mountains  and  plateaus, 
hot  valleys,  and  heavy  rains  in  summer. 

21.  The  forests  and  pastures  are  extensive,  tropical  pro- 
ductions abuiulant,  and  wild  animals  numerous. 

22.  Abyssinia  is  divided  into  states,  which  are  despotically 
governed  by  chiefs. 


C:^  >  iiitar. 


A  view  in  Abyssinia.- 


-A  ck ief  and  k is  tva rrioTs  : 
fruit. 


servant-maids  bringing 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


85 


23.  The  Abyssinians  profess  Christianity,  but  are  very  su- 
perstitious. 

24.  Sahara  is  the  largest  desert  in  the  world.  It  is  nearly  as 
large  as  the  United  States.  It  is  a  table-land,  consisting  of  vast 
sandy  flats  and  dry  barren  rocks. 

25.  The  oases  are  fertile  places,  where  springs  of  water,  trees, 
and  grass  are  found. 

26.  Soudan,  or  Nigritia,  comprises  a  number  of  independent 
states.  Its  principal  place  is  Timbuctoo  (Where  is  it?),  important 
for  its  trade  between  Guinea,  Sentgambia,  and  the  Barbary  States. 

27.  The  climate  is  intensely  hot,  and  in  the  rainy  season,  large 
tracts  of  land  in  Central  Africa  are  inundated ;  it  is,  therefore,  very 
unhealthy  in  summer. 

28.  The  Negroes  inhabit  Soudan,  Central  and  Southern 
Africa.  They  are  chiefly  pagans,  and  many  are  barbarous ;  but  in 
Soudan  the  Negroes  are  largely  engaged  in  agriculture. 

29.  Liberia  is  a  republic  of  American  Xegroes. 

30.  Sierra  Leone  is  a  British  colony. 

31.  The  British,  French,  and  Portuguese  have  settle- 
ments along  the  western  coast. 

32.  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  and  Kaflfraria  are  British  colonies. 
Where  are  they  ? 

33.  The  white  inhabitants  of  Southern  Africa  are  chiefly 
British  and  the  descendants  of  early  Dutch  settlers.  The  latter  rule 
in  the  Orange  Kiver  Free  State  and  the  Transvaal  Republic.  Where 
are  these  countries  ? 

3-1.  The  Kafl^rs  are  a  pastoral  people,  but  brave  and  warhke. 
The  tribes  are  governed  by  chiefs. 


Inttrior  o/  a  Ntgro  ViOagt. 


Moors  o/  Northern  Africa. — Moorish   Architecture, 

35.  The  climate  of  Southern  Africa  is  delightful.  Cape  Good 
Hope  and  Cape  Hatteras  (Where  are  they  ?)  are  the  same  distance 
from  the  Equator,  one  in  north,  and  the  other  in  south,  latitude ; 
and  when  it  is  midwinter  at  one,  it  is  midsummer  at  the  other. 

36.  Important  discoveries  of  diamonds  have  been  made  in 

Southern  Africa.  Ivory 
and  gold-dust  are  export- 
ed from  Southern  and 
Eastern  Africa. 

37.  Sofala  and  Mo 
zambique  belong  to  the 
Portuguese,  and  Zangne- 
bar  to  the  Arabs. 

38.  The  countries 
in  Eastern  Africa,  between 
the  Equator  and  Abys- 
sinia, are  inhabited  by 
savage  tribes. 

3!^".  Among  the  cel- 
ebrated explorers  of 
Africa  are  Barth.  Du 
Chaillu,  Grant,  Speke, 
Baker,  Livingstone,  and 
Stanley. 

40.  Madagascar  is  a 
monarchy  of  greater  area 
than  France.  The  inliah- 
itants  are  chiefly  employed 
in  rearing  cattle. 

41.  The  ancient 
Egyptians  and  Carthage- 
nians  were  powerful  na- 
tions. 

42.  Egypt  was  ciril- 
ized  when  Europe  was  in  j 
a  state  of  barbarism. 


86 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY 


88 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


1 7.  The  islands  of  r 
Malaysia  are  nokd 
lor  tlair  hut,  moist  cli- 
mate, luxuriant  vegeta- 
tion, numerous  volca- 
noes, and  frequciii 
earthquakes. 

18.  The  most  im- 
portant islands  an 
Borneo,  .Suuiatni,  Java, 
Celebes,  the  Philippine, 
and  Spice  Islands. 

19.  The  products 
include  cbouy,  jruttu- 
percha,  cloves,  nut- 
megs, pepiier,  ginger, 
cinnamon,  rice,  cotton, 
tobacco,  coffee,  sugar, 
fruit-s  bamboos,  and 
rattans.  :..;,..  : ., 

20.  From    the    bamboo,   the    natives    make  houses,  beds, 
bridges,  baskets,  eta 

'i\.  The  animals  of  Malaysia  are  the  elephant,  rhinoceros, 

tiger,  paiitlnr.  and  monkeys. 
22.  Orang-outangs  are  found  in  Borneo  and  Sumatnu 
2:].  Birds  of  Paradise,  parrots,  and  other  beautiful  birds  are 

very  numerous. 


24.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  ilalays  and 
Papuan  Negroes,  be- 
■^ides  Dutch,  English, 
aud  Chinese  settlers. 

v'">  Many  of  the 
Malays  are  ijoid  and 
piratical. 

20.  Java  is  remark- 
'■'•■    for   active   volca- 
.    Its  area  is  nearly 
1  (jual  to  that  cf  Eng- 
land. 

^r.  The  Sandwich 
Islands    are    in    the 

route  of  vessels  trading 
lietween  the  United 
States  and  China,  Ju- 
lian, and  Australia. 

28.  They  are  re- 
1.  markable  for  the  mildness  of  their  climate,  for  earthquakes,  and 
1  the  volcano,  Mauna  Loa,  on  Hawaii  (hah-wi'e),  the  largest  island 
of  the  group. 

,      29.  The  inhabitants,  chiefly  of  the  Malay  race,  are  rapidly 
t  advancing  in  civilization. 

30.   The  government  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  is  a  kingdom, 
i  the  capital  of  which  is  Honolulu. 


GENERAL  EXERCISES  IN  Pl^YSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


(See  Charts  on  pages  89  and   11.) 


On  which  side  of  the  Equator  is  the  most  land  1    The  most  water? 

\Miat  grand  divisions  and  what  islands  are  crossed  by  tlip  Ekiuator? 

What  part  of  South  America  is  crossed  by  the  Rjuator  ?  ^Vhat  part  of  Africa  1 

What  countries  are  crossed  by  the  Tropicof  Cancer?  By  the  Arctic  Circle? 

Observe  that  certain  coast-lines  are  parallel,  or  nearly  parallel,  with  each 
other. 

Extending  from  northeast  to  southwest  are  the  eastern  coasts  of  Asia, 
Africa,  Soutli  America,  the  United  States,  ant"  Greenland,  the  western  coast  of 
Europe,  and  the  northwestern  coast  of  Africa. 

Obsei-re  that  a  line  drawn  northeasterly  from  the  Strait  of  Magellan  to 
Xortli  Cape  of  Europe  would  almost  coincide  with  the  ea.st  roast  of  South 
America,  the  northwest  coast  of  Africa,  and  the  west  coast  of  Eurf)pe. 

■V^'here  are  the  narrowest  parts  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Where  is  the  nar- 
rowest part  of  the  Western  Continent  ? 

Name  '.'le  Oceanic  currents.     Which  is  in  the  Torrid  or  hot  Zone  ? 

In  what  direction  does  the  Equatorial  current  in  the  Atlantic  flow? 
I        What  warm  current  or  stream  proceeding  from  the  Equatorial  current 
begins  at  the  Oiilf  of  Mexico  and  flows  northeastwardly  ? 

\\niat  coasts  of  Europe  are  wa.shed  by  the  water  of  the  Gulf  Stream  ? 
How  far  north  does  the  northeast  branch  extend  ? 


L 


What  effect  has  the  Gulf  Stream  upon  the  climates  of  Western  Eu- 
rope* 

What  similar  current  east  of  Asia  ? 

How  far  north  is  the  vine  cultivated?    Wheat? 

Observe  that  between  the  North  American  coast  and  the  Gulf  Stream  is 
a  cold  current  from  the  north. 

Wheri'  is  the  whale  found?    The  seal  ?    Where  is  cotton  cultivated T 

Famous  for  gold  mines  are  the  United  States  and  Australia:  for  tin,  lead, 
iron,  and  coal,  is  Great  Britain. 

Mention  some  of  the  mineral  prmlucts  of  North  America, — South  America, 
— Asia, — Australia.     77w  viokI  famous  sUctr  mines  are  in  Mexico. 

Mention  some  of  the  vegetable  products  of  South  America, — of  Asia, — of 
Africa, — of  Arabia, — of  India.    Where  is  wool  largely  produced?    Rice? 

Besides  Louisiana,  what  parts  of  the  earth  produce  sugar  ?  Where  does 
coffee  grow?  Tea?  Where  is  silk  obtained ?  Wine?  Cinnamon?  Pepper? 
Palm  Oil?  Opium?  India-rubber?  Peruvian  Bark?  Indigo?  Ivory? 
Guano?    Fur?    Where  are  diamonds  obtained ?    Hides  and  Tallow? 

In  what  direction  woTild  yon  sail  from  the  United  States  to  the  British 
Isles?     Would  you  then  sail  with  or  against  the  Gulf  Stream? 

^T^^ich  is  the  most  numerous  of  the  five  races  ?    Aria.  The  Mmngolian. 


Nnmb~r  of  Hiles  in  a  Degree  of  Longitude. 


S 
I 


^    f 


I    I 


I 

I 


■d 


< 
"W 


Longest  Day  and  Night  at 
different  Latitudes. 


cai 


wT 


bT 


C3I 


Hi 


90 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


I.  The  first  settled  parts  of  the  earth  were  in  southwestern 
I  Asia  and  nortlieastern  Africa. 

I      2.  The  Garden  of  Eden,  it  is  supposed,  was  situated  near 

i  the  Tigris  Hivrr. 

I      3.  The  Deluge,  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testament,  occurred 
I  more  than  4,000  years  ago ;  the  ark  in  which  Noah  and  his  family 
were  saved  rested  on  Mount  Ararat,  in  Armenia.     (See  page  13, 
I  Historical  Geography.) 

4.  Babylon,  founded  about  150  years  after  the  Deluge,  was 

celebrated  lor  its  magnificence. 

5.  Nebuchadnezzar  was  king  of  Babylon  in  the  year  600, 
I  B.  C.  He  concjuered  Palestine  and  Egypt,  and  returned  to  Baby- 
I  Ion ;  but  giving  himself  over  to  pride  and  idolatry,  he  was  driven 
I  from  his  kingdom. 

i      6.  About  this  time  occurred  the  events  recorded  in  the  Old 
!  Testament,  concerning  Daniel  and  the  fall  of  Babylon. 

7.  Baby loiv  was  taken  by  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia.  It  is  now 
desolate. 

8.  It  is  believed  by  many  that  the  building  of  the  tower 
of  Babel  was  begun  here. 

9.  The  Persian  Empire  was  founded  by  Cjrrus,  who  united 
Persia  and  Media. 

10.  Wliat  two  rivers  unite  and  flow  into  the  Persian  Oulf?  Between 
those  two  rivers  was  once  a  fertile  and  populous  region,  which  is  now  a 
desert.    Mention  it. 

II.  On  what  river  was  the  ancient  city  of  Babylon?  What  region  lay- 
south  of  Babylon?  What  empire  was  e&si  of  Mesopotamia?  What  cities  in 
Syria  ?    What  city  at  the  moutli  of  the  Nile? 

Where  were  Thebes  and  Memphis,  the  ancient  capitals  of  Egypt  ? 

\Vhat  city  now  stands  on  the  Xile  nearly  opposite  the  site  of  Memphis  ? 
Am.  Cairo.  What  region  west  of  Egypt?  What  parts  of  Africa  were  south 
of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 

I'i.  What  was  France  formerly  called  ?  Tlie  Strait  of  Gibraltar  ?  The 
Bay  of  Biscay?  England?  Scotland?  Ireland?  In  what  part  of  Europe 
was  Dacia  ?    Thrace  ?    Sarmatia  f    Macedonia  ? 


13.  The  great  empires  of  antiquity  were  Assyria,  Babylon. 
Persia,  Greece,  and  Rome. 

14.  Rome  was  founded  by  Romulus  more  than  700  years  B.  C-, 
but  its  tarly  liistory  is  not  authentic. 

15.  Its  territory,  for  several  centuries,  was  of  limited  extent ; 
but  about  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era,  it  ruled  over  .nearly 
the  whole  of  the  world  then  known  to  the  Romans. 

16.  Its  greatness  continued  until  about  the  4th  century, 
A.  D.,  when  it  began  to  fall. 

17.  Rome  was  first  a  kingdom,  then  a  republic,  and  aftenvards 
an  empire. 

18.  The  most  celebrated  Roman  was  Julius  Casar.  He 
was  noted  as  a  general,  statesman,  orator,  and  author.  He  made 
important  conquests  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Afi-ica;  but  soon  after  he 
became  dictator,  he  was  assassinated. 

19.  Julius  Csesar  was  succeeded  by  Augustus,  who  became 
emperor. 

20.  During  the  first  century  Rome  had  successively  thir- 
teen emperors,  the  most  noted  of  whom  were  Augustus,  Tiberius, 
Nero,  Vespasian,  Titus,  Domitian,  and  Trajan. 

21.  Augustus  promoted  peace,  literature,  and  the  arts,  and  by 
his  orders,  maguiiicent  temples,  aqueducts,  canals,  and  baths  were 
built. 

22.  He  "was  emperor  of  Rome  about  forty  years,  including 
the  first  ten  years  of  the  Christian  era. 

23.  The  first  Christian  emperor  was  Constantine,  who 
removed  the  capital  from  Rome  to  Byzantium,  named  from  him 
Constantinople,  about  300  A.  D. 

24.  Ancient  Italy  : — Mention  its  northern  divisions, — southern, — 
central. 

AVhere  is  the  Rubicon  River,  celebrated  on  account  of  its  passage  by 
Csesar,  who  thus  declared  war  against  the  republic. 

A\niere  were  Pompeii  {pom-pay'e)  and  Herculaneum,  cities  destroyed  by  an 
eruption  of  Mt.  Vesuvius  ? 

Wlicre  was  the  Sicilian  (now  Messina)  Strait  ?  The  whirlpool  Chaiybdis 
(ka^rH/dis)  1    The  rock  Scylla  ? 


1.  ANCIENT  GREECE.     Wliat  country  was  north  of    Ancient 

Greece  ?     What  sea  east  ?     West  ? 

WHiat  gulf  extends  nearly  across '?  'VMiat  two  divisions  of  Greece  ir.  the 
north? 

What  mountain  on  the  northern  boundary  ?     West  of  Thessaly  ? 

2.  The  most  pow^erful  states  of  Greece  were  Athens  and 
Sparta. 

Wliere  is  Athens  ?     Wliere  was  Sparta  situated? 

3.  Northeast  of  Athens  is  tlie  plain  of  Marathon,  celebrated 
for  the  victory  of  Miltiades  over  King  Dariu-s,  snccessor  of  Cyrus 
(B.  C.  490). 

Where  is  the  pass  of  ThennopylsB,  celebrated  for  the  battle  in  whicli  Leo- 
nidas  and  300  Spartans  perished  in  defending  Greece  against  the  invasion  of 
Xerxes,  the  successor  of  Darius? 

4.  Xerxes  destroyed  Athens,  but  as  his  navi^  was  soon  after  de- 
feated near  Sal'a-mis,  he  was  compelled  to  return  to  Persia  (B.  C. 

•480) 

Where  is  the  island  of  Salamis  ? 

What  ancient  town,  near  Mt.  Parnassus,  was  famous  for  its  oracle  of  Apollo? 


Where  was  Olympia,  celebrated  for  its  temples  and  the  Olympian  games? 
Wliere  is  Corinth,  once  the  richest  and  most  flourishing  city  in  Greece? 

5.  Corinth  \va.<  destroyed  by  the  Romans  (B.  C.  146). 

6.  The  Athenians  and  Corinthians  were  long  celebrated 
for  their  learning,  refinement,  and  wealth.     (See  page  75.) 

7.  The  Qreeks  received  their  knowledge  of  the  arts,  etc.,  origi- 
nally from  till'  EgA|)tians  and  Phcenicians. 

8.  The  climate  of  Southern  Europe  was  formerly  not  so  warm 

as  it  is  now. 

9.  Greece  w^as  taken  by  Philip  of  Macedon  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury, B.  C.  He  wiis  succeeded  by  his  son,  Alexander  the  Great,  who 
fought  many  bittles  and  captured  Asia  Minor,  Phoenicia,  Egj-pt, 
Persia,  Media,  and  part-;  of  India. 

10.  After  the  death  of  Alexander  the  Great,  his  empire 
was  divided.  Egypt  and  Palestine  parsing  under  the  rule  of  Ptolemy, 
whose  dynasty  lasted  about  300  years. 

11.  The  last  of  this  line  of  rulers  was  Cleopatra,  queen  of 
Egypt,  who  conmiitted  suicide. 


r 


i 


L 


ROUTES     OF     TRAVEL    IN    THE     UNITED    STATES. 


Mfl*ne.-What  city  te  tie  principal  railroad  center  m 
Maine  ?  Tl.n^mgh  wbat  city  wnuld  you  paaa  in  going  by  raU- 
load  from  Portland  to  Bangor  V  WTiat  places  on  the  railroad 
between  Pnrtlaod  and  Boston?  Portland  and  Montreal?  Port- 
land and  Quebec?    Portland  and  Newport? 

Neiv  Hatupsliire.—What  railroad  beginB  at  Portland 
and  passes  through  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont?  Aru.  Oriind 
TrunA  BaUroad.  At  what  place  on  that  road  would  you  stop 
to  viflitMt.  Washington?  AtM.  O&rham.  By  what  routes  can 
you  go  from  Concord  to  Montreal  t 

Fermow/.  — What  places  on  the  routes  between  Ijake 
Champlain  and  Boston  ?  Burlington  and  Albany  ?  Burlington 
and  Hartford? 

Jlf«»sffc/iMScW*.—Wliicli  lathe  principal  railroad  center? 
Throogh  what  places  would  you  passon the  Boeton  and  Albany 
Railroad?  Between  Boston  and  New  York,  by  way  of  Spring- 
field?   By  way  of  the  Connecticut  Shore? 

Connccficw*.— Which  is  the  principal  railroad  center? 
What  places  on  the  route  between  New  Haven  and  Boston? 
New  iven  and  Quebec?    New  Haven  and  Montreal  ? 

Xew  York.—WliEt  railroad  runs  east  and  west  throogh 
the  center  of  the  State?  Through  the  Bouthem  part?  Men- 
tion some  of  the  places  on  the  New  Tork  Central  road.  On 
the  Erie  road. 

WTiat  railroad  rone  along  the  east  bant  of  the  Hodson 
River?  .47i«.  Hitdson  Miner  RaUroad.  Mention  some  of  the 
places  on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad.  On  the  railroad  between 
Albany  and  Ogdensburg.  Between  Watertown  and  Lake 
Champlain.  Between  Albany  and  OBwego.  By  what  routes 
can  you  go  from  New  York  to  BufiuliiJ  and  Suspension  Bridge? 

Penttfif/h-anin. — Mention  the  principal  railroad  centers. 
What  city  is  almost  equally  distant  from  Pliiladelpliia,  Harris- 
burg,  and  Eaaton?  What  places  on  the  Penueylvania  Central 
Railroad?  On  the  load  between  Harrisburg  and  Buflalo? 
Harrieburg  and  Erie?    Harrinburg  and  Eaaton  ? 

Ifew  Jentey. — "What  city  ia  about  one-third  the  diatanoe 
from  Philadelphia  to  New  York?  What  city  on  the  Dela- 
ware River  opposite  Philadelphia?  With  what  places  on  the 
coaat  is  Camden  connected  by  railroad  ? 

Delaware. — What  large  city  in  Delaware  on  the  route 
between  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore?  By  what  other  route 
can  you  go  from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore?  On  what  waters 
would  you  sail  from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore  ?  Philadelphia 
to  New  Tork? 

Maryland. — Which  Is  the  chief  city  and  railroad  center 
in  Maryland?  In  what  direction  must  you  go  from  Baltimore 
to  Pliiladelphia  ?  To  Washington  ?  To  Annapolia  ?  To  Har- 
riaburg?    To  Harper's  Ferry? 

Vit'ffitiia. — What  places  on  the  railroad  between  Wash- 
ington  and  Goldsboro,  North  C'aroUna?  Between  Washington 
and  Knoxville,  Tennesaee?    Norfolk  and  Lynchburg? 

Ohio. — Where  is  the  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern 
Railroad?  Through  what  places  would  you  paaa  in  going  from 
Cinciimati  to  Columbus?     Columbus  to  Cleveland?     Cincinnati  to  Sandusky? 
Cincinnati  to  ^Vheeling? 

Indiana. — Meutiou  the  principal  railroad  centers.  What  places  on  the  route 
from  Indianapolie  to  St.  Louis  t  To  Cincinnati  ?  Logansport  to  Detroit  ?  Fort 
Wayne  to  Milwaukee? 

Iltinois. — Through  what  places  would  you  pass  on  your  way  from  Chicago  to 
St.  LouiB?  St.  Louis  northeast  to  Terre  Haute?  Aurora  west  to  Rock  Island V 
Springfield  northeaat  to  Logansport,  Indiana  ?    Chicago  southwest  to  Quincy  ? 

MfC/i/f/rtH.— Mention  the  different  routes  from  Detroit  to  Grand  Haven. 
What  places  on  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad?  WTiat  places  on  the  route  from 
Detroit  northwest  to  Saginaw? 

W7(«co(tsi«.— Which  is  the  chief  city  in  Wisconsin?  What  places  on  the 
lallpoad  from  Milwaukee  to  Chicago?    To  La  Crosse?    To  Prairie  du  Cbien  7 


Minnenota.—What  railroads  cross  the  State  from  east  to  west?  Wliat 
Places  on  the  railroad  which  runs  southwesterly  from  St.  Paul?  Southerly?' 
Southeasterly? 

Iotva.~Ai  what  city  in  Nebraska  does  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  beginj 
Ana.  Om.ahn.  What  railroad  extends  from  Council  BlufFa  to  Chicago ?  Am-  (M-, 
caffo,  Rockhland,  and  Pacific  Raiiroad.  Mention  some  of  the  places  in  Iowa  on 
tills  road. — on  the  Des  Moines  Valley  Railroad, — on  the  Illinois  Central  road,— on 
the  BurlingtOQ  and  Missouri  River  Rjiilrofni,  Mention  some  of  the  places  on  the 
route  from  Burlington  to  St.  Paul,  Minm-sota. 

Mittsoiiri. — Which  is  the  principal  railroad  center  In  the  eastern  part  of  the 
State?  Northwestern?  Wlmt  railroad  runs  siuithwesterly  from  St.  Lnuis?  \^  cst- 
erly?  What  j.laces  on  that  mud?  What  places  on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph 
Railroad  ?    What  places  on  the  northern  route  between  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City? 


ire«f«eA[/.— "Wliut  places  on  the  route  from  Louisville  to  Cincinnati?  Louis- 
^■ille  southwest  to  Peducah?  How  would  you  go  from  Louisville  to  Frankfort? 
To  Nashville? 


REVIEW    QUESTIONS. 

What  citiee  would  you  pass  through  nn  your  way  from  New  Vork  to  Boston? 
New  York  to  Montreal?     New  York  to  Buffalo?     New  Tork  to  Pittsburg?     New 
York  to  Washington?    Wlmt  place.s  would  yon  paaa  through  on  jonrway  from 
Boston  to  Oswego?     Boston  to  Cleveland 
to  (liicago?     Chicago  to  Na.«hvil]e? 

Wliich  is  the  most  importont  railroad  in  Canada  ?     How  fnr  noi 
it  extend?    What  places  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railr.^>ad  are  on  Lake  Ontai 
St.  Lawrence  River? 


Cleveland  to  Cincinnati?     Cleveland 


MiC^.-8teamboaU  can  saS  dotm  tJu-  St.  Lawrmce  River.  b«t  on  a^rount  qf  the 
rapids  above  or  muthirext  of  Montreal,  thf}/  return  by  canal. 

By  what  route  would  you  go  from  Montreal  to  Toronto?     To  St.  Paul? 

With  what  railroad  in  Canada  does  the  New  Tork  Central  connect  at  8u.^n. 
.ion  Bridge?  Where  d.^es  the  Great  Western  Railroad  of  ^"-"d- ™-^p^J,f, 
theOrand  Tnmk  Railroad?  What  is  the  shortest  mute  from  Roche. ter  to  Detroit? 
Wurh  are  the  two  principal  routes  between  New  Tork  and  Toron'oT 

Bv  way  of  .vhat  large  dtics  would  you  go  from  Detroit  to  Oncmnat  ?    FJom 
iPitta'hurg  to  Ix>uisvin.?    From  BnfTalo  to  St.  Ws?    From  ^'^^^'^'l^^^^ 
,rth  and  east  does    cinnati?     Fr.n.    Cincinnati   to  Pl.iladelphh?   IT^^^^'XI^^^ 
On    From  Philadelplm.  tn  White  Sulphur  Sprmga.  West  Virginia?    From  Lmcago 
I  Omaha  ?     From  Boston  to  Norfolk  ? 


94 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


A    TOUR    IN    EUROPE. 


.EAVINO  NEW  YORE  in  a  steamer,  you  sail  in  a  southerly 
direction — through  New  York  Bay  and  the  Narrows,  to  the 
Atlantic  Ocean ;  then,  sailing  in  an  east  northeasterly  direc- 
tion for  nine  or  ten  days,  you  arrive  at  Brest,  the  nearest  iM)rt 
of  France,  having  sailed  the  distance  of  3000  miles.  Here 
you  leave  the  steamer  and  begin  your  tour  in  Europe. 

i.  Too  could  luve  renuined  in  the  steamer  UDtil  its  arrival,  the  next  da;, 
at  Havre.  Steamers  of  other  lines  leave  New  York  for  Liverpool,  Qlae- 
guw,  Bremen,  and  Hamburg. 
8.  If  you  leave  home  on  a  cold  day  in  autumn,  you  would,  on  entering  Brest 
be  surprised  at  the  mildness  and  moisture  of  its  climate,  and  to  see  Howers 
blooming  in  the  open  air.  You  would  wonder  to  see  its  narrow  streets  and 
odd-looking  houses,  and  the  peculiar  dress  of  the  people.  Many  of  the 
women  wear  high  white  caps,  instead  of  hats  or  bonnets,  and  aa  they  walk, 
their  loose  wooden  shoes  make  a  continual  clatter. 

4.  At  Hrest  you  take  the  cars  for  Pari.x,  and  ride  first  through  the  rough 
and  barren  province  of  Brittany,  and  afterward  through  a  beautiful  and  well- 
cultivated  part  of  France.  A  ride  of  sixteen  hours  brings  you  to  the  gayest 
city  in  the  world. 

5.  Ooitiff  throuffh  Paris,  you  remark  the  politeness  and  animation  of 
the  people  who  crowd  its  broad  b<5ulevards  and  its  numerous  caft'.-i  and  restau- 
rants. Y'ou  notice  also  the  large  handsome  buildings,  showy  store-windows, 
its  small  parks  and  plazas,  its  fountains,  columns,  and  triiunphal  arches. 

C.  Anioiiff  the  plftri:s  of'  interest  which  you  visit  in  Paris  are  the 
Palace  of  the  Louvre,  with  its  famous  museum  of  paintings,  frescoes,  sculp- 
ture, and  antiquities ;  the  Palais  Royal,  with  its  garden  and  shops  ;  the  Cathe- 
dral of  Notre  Dame ;  the  Church  of  the  Madeleine ;  the  Bois  du  Bologne  (a 
park) ;  and  the  Palace  of  Versailles,  twelve  miles  from  Paris. 

7.  The  Palace  of  the  Tnlleries  was  burned  by  the  Communists  in  1871.  It  was*  founded 
more  than  300  years  ago,  and  became  the  residence  or  the  French  monarchs.  Napoleon  III 
greatly  Improved  it  and  connected  it  nith  the  Palace  of  the  Louvre. 

8.  As  Paris  is  the  Qreat  railroad  renter  of  France,  you  can  go 
by  the  cars  in  every  direction  ;  north,  to  Calais  or  Boulogne,  thence  by  steam- 
I)oat  to  England ;  northea.st,  to  Belgium ;  east,  through  Cliampaigne,  cele- 
brated for  its  fine  wines,  to  Germany ;  southwest,  to  Spain,  by  way  of  the 
city  of  Bt>rdeaui,  celebrated  for  its  extensive  wine  trade ;  or  southeast,  to 
Switzerland  and  Italy. 

9.  Taking  a  southeasterli/  tlirection,  you  pass  through  the  fa- 
mous wine-growing  district  of  Burgundy,  where  the  plains  and  hills  are  cov- 
ered with  vines.     (See  illustration  on  page  68.) 

10.  Crossinff  the  Cote  <l'Or  ^fountains,  jon  ride  along  the  bank 
of  the  Saone  River  to  its  junction  witli  the  Rhone,  and  arrive  at  an  ancient 
city  which  is,  next  to  Paris,  the  largest  city  in  France,  and  the  chief  seat  of  its 
silk  manufacture.  W?utt  rity  in  it?  Here,  as  in  every  other  large  city  in 
Europe  which  you  visit,  your  attention  is  directed  to  its  churches,  museums, 
picture  galleries,  narrow  streets,  and  high  buildings. 

11.  SWk'treaving  in  Lyons  Is  carried  on  in  the  dwellings  of  the  workmen.  Cotton 
and  woolen  goods,  Jewelry,  and  bronzes  arc  also  extensively  manufactured. 

12.  The  population  of  Lyons  is  nearly  one-third  of  a  million,  being  about  the  same  as  that 
of  St.  Louis,  the  metropolis  of  Missouri. 

13.  As  f/oii  desreiKl  the  1'a/tri/  of  the  Phone,  you  observe  the 
picturestiue  towns  and  villages  which  line  the  banks  of  that  river,  and  the 
numerous  stone  bridges  which  span  its  rapid  current ;  and,  in  every  direction, 
you  see  rich  vineyards,  besides  orchards  of  olive,  mulberry,  and  other  trees. 

QtTESTioire. — Pabaoraph  1. — In  what  directions  would  you  sail  (W)m  New  York  to 
France  ?  What  is  the  nearest  French  port  ?  VThat  is  the  distance  between  New  York  and 
Brest  ?    Woold  you  be  sailing  with  or  against  the  Oulf  Stream  ?    In  what  time  ? 

2.  Where  is  Havre  ?    tR^er  to  tlu  map*:\    Liverpool  t    Glasgow  5    Bremen?  Hamburg? 

3.  What  can  you  say  of  the  climate  of  Brest  and  other  parts  of  Western  Europe? 
(See  pagi  GO,  parayrup/i  10.)  \Miat  can  you  say  of  the  appearance  of  Brest  and  of  its 
people? 

4.  Describe  your  jormey  from  Brest  to  Paris. 

5.  What  can  you  say  of  the  people  of  Paris  ?  What  would  you  notice  especially  in  riding 
or  walking  through  the  city  ? 

6.  Mention  some  of  tLe  interesting  places  in  Paris.  What  palace  twelve  miles  ttom 
Paris? 

I  8.  What  city  is  the  great  railroad  center  of  Prance?    Where  would  yon  leave  France  for 

England?    What  celebrated  wino  district  east  of  Paris?    Southeast?    Where  is  the  city  of 
Bordeaux  situated?    For  what  is  it  celebrate<i  ? 

9.  What  can  yon  say  of  Birgnndy  ?    What  monnlains  and  ri%-er  run  throngh  it  ? 


H.  The  U'avcs  of  the  mulberry  tree  constitute  the  food  of  the  silkworm.  The  olive 
tree  yields  a  valuable  oil,  and  ita  trait  is  extensively  used  as  an  article  of  dirt 

15.  Tills  section  of  France  la  noted  for  the  manuhctore  of  ribbons,  velvets,  and  other 
silk  goods. 

16.  After  riding  twenty  hours  in  the  cars  from  Paris.you  reach  the  ancient 
city  of  Marseilles  (founded  600  B.  C),  the  chief  commercial  city  of  France. 
Here  you  learn  that  the  ships  which  crowd  its  fine  harbor  visit  all  the  princi- 
pal porta  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

17.  Traveling  eastwardly  along  the  coast,  yon  observe  that  the  climate  in 
midwinter  is  as  warm  and  delightful  as  at  home  during  the  month  of  May. 
Soon  after  leaving  Marseilles,  you  pass  through  Toulon,  which  is,  next  to 
Brest,  the  principal  naval  station  of  France  ;  and,  further  on,  you  arrive  at 
Nice  (neecf),  which  is  a  popular  winter  resort  for  invalids  and  tourists  from 
every  part  of  Europe  and  the  United  States. 

18.  year  yice  is  Mentone  {men-to'nny).  situated  in  the  small  and  ancient 
principality  of  Monaco.  In  the  gardeii.s  and  on  the  liill-sides  all  about  these 
places,  the  orange  and  lemon  trees  are  loaded  with  ripe  fruit,  and  flowers 
are  in  full  bloom  even  in  midwinter. 

19.  Which  Is  further  south,  Nice  or  Chicago  ?    (Sec  page  SS.) 

20.  From  Xiee  to  Gen  oa  you  may  go  either  by  railroad  along  the  coast 
(six  hours),  or  by  carriage  on  the  Cornichi!  (korntetshe)  road  (two  days,  spend- 
ing the  night  in  one  of  the  villages  on  the  route). 

21.  The  Corniclie  Road  is  unsurpassed  for  the  grandeur,  beauty,  and 
diversity  of  its  scenery.  It  is  in  some  jilaces  liigh  up  on  the  mountain  side 
and  on  the  edge  of  precipices ;  in  others  it  leads  down  to  the  narrow  streets 
of  the  towns  and  villages  near  the  sea.  Groves  of  olive  trees  cover  some  of 
the  mountains  even  to  their  summits. 

22.  Here  and  there,  on  the  tops  of  hills  and  crags,  you  see  picturesque 
villages,  ancient  towers,  and  ruined  castles ;  and  far  below  you,  the  blue 
waters  of  the  Mediterranean. 

a:).  The  shortest  route  between  Paris  and  Italy  is  byway  of  tbo  tiunel  through  Mt.Cenis. 
(See  page  65,  paragraph  1.) 

24.  In   Genoa  you  notice  its  narrow,  uneven,  and  crooked  streets ;  its 
higli  stone  houses ;   grand  old   palaces ;    flat  roofs,  on  which  are  flowering 
plants,  orange  and  lemon  trees;    and  its  manufactures  of   gold  and  silver  i 
jewelry. 

2.5.  From  Genoa  to  Naples  you  may  go  by  steamer,  stopping  one  day 
at  Leghorn,  which  ranks  after  Marseilles,  Genoa,  Trieste,  and  Smyrna,  as  a 
Mediterranean  seaport.  Leghorn  has  an  important  coral  fishery,  and  its  man- 
ufactures comprise  straw  hats, and  silk,  woolen,  and  cotton  goods.  Near  Leg- 
horn is  the  city  of  Pisa,  situated,  like  Florence,  on  both  sides  of  the  River 
Amo.  Here  you  ascend  the  celebrated  leaning  tower,  which  is  190  feet  high 
and  constructed  of  white  marble, 

26.  Returning  to  the  steamer,  you  continue  your  voyage  down  the  coast 
and  reach  Naples  the  following  day. 

27.  Entering  the  beautiful  Bay  of  Naples,  you  obtain  a  fine  view  of  Vesu- 
vius and  the  chief  city  of  Italy,  the  latter  extending  along  the  shore  and  up 
the  sides  of  adjacent  mountains. 

28.  In  Naples  you  ob8er^•e  that  the  streets  are  very  narrow,  uneven, 
and  generally  without  sidewalks  ;  that  the  houses  are  high  and  substantial ; 
that  the  streets  are  paved  with  blocks  of  lava  ;  and  that  the  people,  horses,  and 
donkeys  travel  in  the  streets  promiscuously. 

10.  How  Is  Lyons  situated f  What  can  yon  say  of  its  size?  Its  mannbctores ?  Ita 
streets  and  buildings? 

13.  What  can  you  say  of  the  Valley  of  the  Rhone  f 

16.  What  ran  yon  say  of  the  city  of  Marseilles,  its  harbor  and  trade  ? 

17  and  18.  \Miat  can  yon  say  of  the  climate  on  the  Mcditemnean  coast,  between  Marseilles 
and  Italy  ?    V^Tiat  places  on  that  coast  ?    Wliat  fruits  are  fotmd  on  the  trees  even  in  winter  ? 

20.  By  what  routes  can  yon  go  from  Nice  to  Genoa  ?    ^Vhat  time  is  required  for  each  ? 

21  and  aj.  What  can  you  eay  of  the  Cornichc  road  ?    Its  scenery?    What  trees  abound  ? 

23.  What  is  the  shortest  route  from  Pari*  to  Italy? 

24.  What  can  you  say  of  the  streets  of  Genoa  ?    Its  houses  f    Its  mannflictnres  ? 

25.  Sailing  IVom  Genoa  to  Naples,  what  direction  would  yon  take  and  at  what  city  wonid 
yon  stop  ?  What  can  yon  say  of  Leghorn  as  a  seaport  ?  What  fishery  has  it  ?  What  manu- 
factures ?  Where  is  the  Leaning  Tower  ?  What  can  you  say  of  it  ?  Wliat  island  do  you 
pass  in  sailing  between  Italy  and  Corsica  ? 

27.  Entering  the  Bay  of  Naples,  what  city,  volcano,  and  small  islands  do  you  see  ?  What 
can  yon  say  of  the  situation  of  Naples  ? 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


93 


29.  In  almost  every  direction  you  see  in  the  gardens  orange  and  lemon  trees 
iUed  with  fruit  and  blossoms  even  in  midwinter,  and  wonder  when  you 
think  that  Xajjles,  with  such  a  delightful  winter  climate,  is  in  the  same  lati- 
tude as  the  city  of  New  York.     (See  page  72,  paragraph  9.) 

30.  \c<ir  Xtiplcs  are  the  famous  volcano  Vesuvius  and  the  ruined  cities 
of  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum.     (See  page  73,  jmiugraph  G.) 

31.  A  short  ride  from  Xaj)les  brings  you  to  Vesuvius.  Ascending  the  vol- 
cano from  one  of  the  towns  at  its  base,  you  pass,  for  a  considerable  distance, 
cottages,  vineyards,  and  gardens ;  above  which,  the  surface  is  all  rough  and 
rugged  with  hardtned  lava  and  black,  burnt  stones.  Everywhere  on  its  sum- 
mit you  see  sulphurous  smoke  issuing  from  awful  looking  openings,  and  the 
pieces  of  lava  feel  like  hot  coals  under  your  feet. 

32  I'oinpeil-wa^  an  ancient  city  of  25,000  inhabitants,  beautiftillysltnated  near  Veeuvins. 
Altbongh  visited  by  an  earthquake  in  the  year  6.3,  its  total  destruction  was  not  efiected  until 
sixteen  years  afterward,  when  it  was  overwhelmed  with  ashes,  cinders,  and  liquid  mud,  dur- 
ing an  eruption  of  the  volcano.  Most  of  the  inhabitants  escaped.  The  city  was  completely 
buried  by  this  and  subsequent  eruptions,  and  remained  so  for  nearly  1700  years. 

33.  Tlie  ruins  of  Pompeii  {pom-pny'e)  are  visited  by  many  travelers 
in  Europe.  In  the  portion  of  the  city  which  has  been  uncovered  you  see 
the  ruins  of  its  temples,  forums,  theaters,  and  dwellings,  with  their  columns, 
statuary,  mosaics,  and  frescoes.  You  notice  that  its  streets  are  very  narrow, 
most  of  them  but  one  or  two  paces  from  curb  to  curb  ;  that  they  are  paved 
with  blocks  of  lava,  and  much  worn  by  the  chariot-wheels. 

34.  Many  fine  mosaics,  bronzes,  and  other  works  of  art  found  in  Pompeii 
and  Herculaneum  are  now  in  the  museum  of  Naples. 

35.  Herculaneum,  destroyed  at  the  same  time,  is  on  the  road  between 
Naples  and  Pomjjeii. 

36.  Some  travelers  take  the  steamer  at  Naples  for  Palermo,  Malta,  Athens, 
Smyrna,  Egypt,  and  the  Holy  Land.  Others  return  north  by  the  cars  to 
Rome  (seven  hours). 

37.  Rome  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Tiber,  and  is  surrounded  by 
walls.  The  larger  portion  of  the  city  is  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  river,  and 
contains  the  famous  ruins  of  the  Roman  Forum,  Coliseum,  the  baths  of  Cara^ 
calla,  and  the  Forum  of  Trajan,  which  were  in  their  grandeur  more  than 
eighteen  centuries  ago ;  besides  churches  of  more  modem  date,  which  are 
celebrated  for  valuable  sculptures  and  paintings. 

38.  On  the  western  side  of  the  river  is  St.  Peter's  Cathedral,  ad- 
joining which  is  the  Vatican,  the  Pope's  palace.  The  Vatican  contains  gal- 
leries of  celebrated  sculptures,  paintings,  etc.  Here  is  Raphael's  painting  of 
the  Transfiguration,  considered  the  best,  or  one  of  the  best  paintings  in  the 
world ;  here,  also,  is  the  celebrated  fresco  of  the  Last  Judgment,  by  Michael 
Angelo,  the  distinguished  architect,  sculptor  and  painter. 

39.  Fro)H  Home  to  i^orence  (ten  hours)  the  route  is  varied  and  pic- 
turesque. Florence,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Amo,  is  celebrated  for  the 
beauty  of  its  situation.  It  contains  handsome  buildings,  gardens,  squares, 
fountains,  statues,  bridges,  etc.,  and  is  surrounded  by  hills  which  are  orna- 
mented with  villas,  groves,  and  gardens.  Among  its  numerous  works  of  art 
is  the  celebrated  statue  of  the  Venus  de  Medici  {med'e-che). 

40.  Traveling  frotn  Florence  to  TVh 'cc,  you  cross  the  Apennines 
and  the  alluvial  plain  or  valley  of  She  Po,  passing  through  the  cities  of  Bo- 
logna, Ferrara,  and  Padua. 

41.  Venice  is  unlike  every  other  city  which  you  have  visited,  for  it  has 
canals  instead  of  streets,  and  gon  dolas  instead  of  carts  and  carriages.  Its 
chief  attractions  are  the  Grand  Canal  and  the  square  of  St.  Mark.  The  Grand 
Canal  is  lined  with  magnificent  old  palaces  and  other  buildings. 

42.  The  Venetian  manufactures  include  glass,  mirrors,  jewelry,  beads,  and  artificial 
pearls. 

28-30.  What  can  you  say  of  the  streets  of  Naples  1  Its  buildings  ?  Its  people,  etc.  f 
Its  climate  ?  What  are  seen  in  its  gardens  in  winter?  What  city  in  the  United  States  is  in 
the  same  latitude  as  Naples !  Do  fruit  and  flowers  grow  in  the  open  air  in  New  York,  dur- 
ing the  winter  ?    What  three  celebrated  places  near  Naples  ? 

31,  3i.  What  would  you  see  in  making  theascent  of  Mt.  Vesuvius  ?  What  can  you  say  of 
its  summit  ?    How  was  Pompeii  destroyed  ? 

33,  31,  and  35.  What  can  you  say  of  Pompeii  as  it  appears  now  ?  Where  arc  many  of  Us 
works  of  art  ?    Where  are  the  ruins  of  Herculaneum  f 

30.  Travelers  bound  southward  and  eastward  take  steamers  at  Naples  for  what 
places?    Where  is  Palermo ?    Malta?    Athens?    Smyrna?    Egypt?    The  Holy  Land? 

37.  .33  In  what  direction  is  Rome  from  Naples?  What  celebrated  cathedral  in  Rome? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  Vatican  ?    Mention  the  principal  ruins. 

39-4.3.  What  can  yon  say  of  the  route  between  Rome  and  Florence?  How  is  Florence 
situ.ited?  How  surrounded  ?  What  plain  and  cities  do  yon  pass  through  on  your  way  from 
Florence  to  Venice  ?    What  can  you  say  of  Venice  ? 

44.  Describe  the  route  from  Venice  lo  Vienna? 


43.  The  city  covers  seventy-two  islands,  which  are  connected  with  each  other 
by  numerous  stone  bridges.  Tlie  most  noted  of  these  bridges  are  the  Rialto, 
which  Slums  the  Grand  Canal,  and  the  "  Bridge  of  Sighs,"  across  which  pris- 
oners passed  from  the  palace  to  the  prison  for  sentence. 

41.  Oh  ijoiir  way  from  Venice  to  Vienna,  you  stop  at  Trieste, 
the  chief  cjimmercial  city  of  Austria;  then  over  mountains  remarkable  for 
numerous  tunnels  and  viaducts,  and  across  valleys  containing  well-cultivated 
farms  and  \-ineyards. 

45.  Vienna  is  one  of  the  handsomest  and  wealthiest  cities  in  Europe.  It 
contains  several  palaces,  and  numerous  churches,  squares,  gardens,  fountains, 
and  picture  galleries.  The  people  are  especially  fond  of  music.  The  Prater — 
a  park  or  wood — is  a  famous  resort  on  pleasant  afternoons,  and  its  long  ave- 
nue, lined  with  restaurants,  etc.,  is  usually  crowded  with  equipages. 

46.  A  favorite  ej-citrsion  is  to  Schonbrunn,  where  the  Emperor  has 
his  summer  palace.  Its  gardens  are  a  manel  of  beauty  ;  their  long  walks  or 
avenues  are  bordered  with  gigantic  hedges  of  forest  trees,  so  clipped  as  to  re- 
semble great  walls,  in  which,  at  intervals,  are  niches  filled  with  statuary. 

47.  Among  the  manufactures  in  which  Vienna  excels  are  articles  in  Russian  leather, 
porcelain,  velvet,  and  silk,  besides  bronzes^  meerschaum  pipes,  and  Bohemian  glass. 

48.  From  Vicitna  to  the  city  of  Dresden  your  course  is  northwest, 
through  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Bohemia,  a  fertile  and  beautiful  plain  inclosed 
by  mountains.     It  is  now  under  the  dominion  of  Austria. 

49.  Stopping  at  Prague,  its  capital,  you  are  struck  with  the  quaint  appear- 
ance of  its  narrow  streets  and  the  architecture  of  its  old  buildings. 

50.  You  reach  Dresden  after  a  ride  through  a  region  remarkable  for 
picturesque  scenery — over  mountains  and  valleys,  past  crags  with  old  castles 
or  fortresses  on  their  tops  and  small  villages  at  their  base. 

51.  Dresden  is  situated  in  the  rich  valley  of  the  Elbe,  which  contains 
beautiful  fields,  vineyards,  groves,  gardens,  and  orchards. 

52.  IJie  chief  attractions  in  Dresden  are  its  picture-gallery  and  the 
"  Green  Vaults."  The  former  contains,  among  other  celebrated  paintings,  that 
of  the  Madonna  di  San  Sisto,  by  Raphael ;  the  "  Green  Vaults  "  are  a  number 
of  rooms  where  are  exliibited  jewels,  crowns,  scepters,  etc.,  famous  for  their 
value  and  history. 

53.  From  Dresden  north  to  Berlin,  the  capital  of  the  German 
Empire,  the  route  is  generally  level. 

54.  Berlin  is  a  beautiful  city,  on  both  sides  of  the  Spree  River.  Its  chief 
attractions  are  its  splendid  palaces  and  other  buUdings  on  Vnttr  den  Linden. 
its  principal  street,  its  numerous  institutions  of  learning,  its  parks,  gardens, 
and  statues.  The  people  are  noted  for  their  love  of  music.  Berlin  is  an  im- 
portant manufacturing  city.  Near  Berlin  is  Potsdam,  celebrated  for  its  pal- 
aces, beautiful  gardens,  and  villas. 

55.  From  Berlin  yon  may  go  west  to  Hanover ;  thence  northwest  to 
the  free  city  of  Bremen,  which  is,  next  to  Hambtirg,  the  chief  commercial 
city  in  Germany,  and  take  the  steamer  for  New  York ;  or,  you  may  leave 
Hanover  in  a  southwesterly  direction  for  Cologne,  which  is  celebrated  for  its 
magnificent  cathedral ;  thence  to  Coblentz,  where  you  take  the  steamboat  on 
the  Rhine  for  Mayence.    (See  page  69.) 

56.  From  Mayence  you  go  to  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  which  is  one  of  the 
oldest  and  wealthiest  cities  in  (iermany.  Here  the  German  Emperors  were 
crowned ;  and  on  these  occasions,  they  were  waited  upon  by  kings. 

57.  year  Frankfort  are  the  celebrated  watering-places  Homburg, 
Wisbaden,  and  Ems. 

58.  From  Frankfort  south,  by  railroad,  you  pass  through  Darmstadt  and 
the  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  and  arrive  at  Switzerland. 

4&-4T.  What  can  yon  say  of  Vienna  t  The  Prater  ?  Schonbnmn  ?  What  are  manoftc- 
tnrcd  in  Vienna  ? 

4S_50.  ^Vhat  is  your  course  from  Vienna  to  Dresden?  What  can  you  say  of  Bohemia? 
Prague?    What  can  you  say  of  the  scenery  between  Prague  and  Dresden  ? 

51-53.  How  is  Dresden  situated  ?  What  are  its  chief  attractions  ?  What  is  the  route  be- 
tween Dresden  and  Berlin  ? 

54.  What  can  you  say  of  Berlin  ?  Its  situation  ?  Into  what  does  the  Spree  empty  ?  What 
is  the  population  of  Berlin  ?  (See  page  60.  paragraph  14.)  Its  latitude?  What  is  the  lati- 
tude of  Quebec  ?    Of  the  northern  boundary  of  Minnesota?    What  can  you  say  of  Potsdam? 

55.  What  is  the  chief  commercial  city  in  Germany  ?  What  city  is  the  second  in  commer- 
cial importance  ?  Where  do  most  German  emigrants  take  the  steamer  for  America  ?  Where  is 
Cologne  situated  ?  Coblentz  ?  Describe  the  scenery  on  the  Rhine.  Where  is  the  best  scenery  ? 

56.  Wliere  do  yon  leave  the  steamboat  in  order  to  visit  Frankfort  ?  What  can  yon  say 
of  Frankfort  ?    \rhat  imposing  ceremonies  took  place  here  ? 

57.  58.  What  celebrated  watering-places  near  Frankfort  ?  Through  what  places  wonld 
you  pass  on  your  way  from  Frankfort  to  Switzerland  ? 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


DRJ^W 


WbeD  you  draw  an;  place  write  or  print  ite  name  in  ftall,  if  the  epace  win  allow  it.  If 
not,  then  Its  initials.    (See  map  on  p.  76.) 

1,  Begin  at  A  and  mark  the  point  H  0  ms.  north,  and  G  lOA  ms.  west.  Mark 
the  points  1  m.,  2  ms.  and  2i  ms.  west  of  A,  and  draw  lioriit'O.  From  B 
measure  towards  H  3  ms.,  and  draw  I'oriintsii  and  a  part  of  the  coast  of 
China,  Next  mark  5  ms.  and  draw  Careo  ;  mark  6  ms.  and  draw  tlie 
coast  of  M<iiitrhof>rifi  ;  mark  7  ms.  and  draw  Siif/liaHfii  Is.;  mark  8 
ms.  and  draw  KtimtsrhHlhd,  and  !)  ms.,and  draw  the  coast  to  Behriny 
Strait. 

3.  Mark  the  point  D  3.J  ms.  west  of  A,  and  I  1  m.  west  of  H.  North  of  D, 
towards  I,  mark  1  m.,  2  ms.,  3  ms ,  and  draw  Sumatra,  the  Mahiy  Pen- 
ittsiila,  the  Gulf  of  Tonquiii  and  Hainan  Island.  Mark  '>  ms.  and 
draw  the  Yellow  Sea,  7  ms.  and  8  ms.,  and  draw  the  Sfd  of  OKliofsk. 
Southeast  of  Sfif/lialien  Is.  and  Corra  draw  the  •Jtipan  Islands. 
Between  Formosa  and  A,  draw  the  Philijtpiue  Islands. 

3.  Connect  3  ms.  north  of  A  with  3  ms.  nortli  of  G,  and  mark  tlie  measure- 
ment points  0,  P,  and  R.  Between  A  and  G  mark  t}ie  points  C,  D.  E,  and  F. 
Mark  the  measnrement  points  from  C  to  P,  and  draw  the  northeast  coast  of 


the  Bay  of  Benyal.  JIark  the  points  from  F  to  0,  and  complete  the 
coast  line  to  Cape  Comorin  ;  then  draw  Ceylon.  Mark  the  points  from 
E  to  R,  and  draw  the  east  coast  of  the  Arabian  Sea,  locating  the  (Inlfs 
of  Camltay  and  Catch.  Mark  Sim.  west  of  R,  and  the  points  from  1 
m.  north  of  G  to  R,  and  draw  the  northern  coast  of  the  Arabian  Sen,  the 
Strait  of  Ormus,  the  Persian  Gulf,  the  coast  of  .Irtibia,  the 
Strait  of  Babel  Mandeb,  Cape  Guardafui  (fwee),  and  a  part  of 
the  coast  of  Africa. 

4.  Mark  the  point  4  ms.  nortli  of  G,  and  draw  the  Red  Sea.  Mark  6  ms. 
at  U,  and  T  3  ms.  north  of  S,  and  draw  the  eastern  part  of  the  Meiliter- 
ranean  Sea,  the  Bltick  Sea,  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  the  Caucasus 
Mountains. 

5.  Mark  the  points  west  of  H  to  J,  and  the  points  from  T  to  J,  and  draw  the 
I'riil  Mts.,  Gulf  of  Obi,  \ora  Zenibla,  Sea  of  Kara,  y'orth- 
Eust  Cape,  and  the  north  coast  line  to  Behriny      Strait. 

6.  Draw  the  Mountains. 

7.  Draw  the  Birers,  commencing  at  the  source  of  each. 

8.  Indicate  by  dotted  lines  the  boundaries  of  the  Countries. 

9.  Mark  all  the  Peninsulas,  Islands,  Seas,  Guffs,  Bays,  Capes, 
Cities,  and  Towns. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY 


The  Gr&nd  Divisions  of  the  Earth. 


Grand  Divisions. 

Area. 

Population. 

Asia       

16,415,758 
11,556,650 
9,059,927 
6,954,131 
4,388,025 
3,830,357 

751,062.475 

Africa         

191,000.000 

North  America...... 

Soath  America 

Oceaoica 

59,5.39.474 
27,592,600 
30,248.383 

301,753,419 

Total 

52,204,848 

1,361,196,351 

Countries, 
Where  situated? 


Area  in 
Sq.  Mi. 


Popula- 
tions. 


Govern- 
ment. 


Austria   240,319 

Argeotine  Repablic.  879,800 

Afahanistan 258,500 

Andorra 149 

Arabia ,1,026,640 

Balize I  14,000 

Brazil 3,2.30,000 

Belgiam 11,.313 

Bavaria 29,.373 

Baden 5,712 

Bolivia 5.35,000 

Chinese  Empire 4, 700,000 

Chili 250.000 

Colombia,  V.  S.  of . .  357,000; 

CostaRica 21,500 

Denmark  14,734 

Ecaador 218,000 

France,  inc.  Corsica.  204.079 

Gt.  Britain  and  Irel'U  122.550 

Germany 210,776 

Greece 19M1 

Guatemala 44,780 

Hlndoostan 1,500,000 

Holland,  inc.  Lox'g.  13,890 

Honduras 47.092 

Italy  (inc.  Islands)..  114,3<)8 

Japan 149.39^ 

Mexico 712,850 

Monaco. 6 

Nicaragua :  58,169 

Prussia '  135,806 

Persia 510,000 

Paraguay 68.000 

Patagonia 210,000 

Pern 508,000 

Portugal 36,510 

Russian  Empire,...  8,012,955 

San  Marino 24 

Sweden  and  Norway  292,000 

Spain 195,000 

Switzerland 15,r22 

Saxony 6,777 

Siam 309,000 

San  Salvador 7,-335 

Turkey  in  Europe  /  oca  ofut 

&  Turkey  in  Asia  f  ««*.*« 

United  States 3,446,187 

Urugnay 66.0fl«i 

Venezuela 368,000, 

Wnrtemberg 7,53a| 


36.000,000 

1.812.000 

4,000,000 

12,000 

4,000,000' 

10,000! 

11,780,000' 

5,087,105 

-1.861.402 

1,461,428 

1.990.000 

44i;,000,000 

2.000,000 

3,000,000 

1.35,000 

1,784.741 

1,371,(X)0 

36.102,821 

-31.817.108 

41,058,196 

1.457,894 

1.180,000 

180,500.0001 

3.915,956 

350,000; 

a),7.s9,036 

&3.000.000 

9,000,000 

1,877 

400.000 

24.69:3.066 

5,000,000 

1.U20.000 

liO.OOO 

2,500,000 

3,995.1.53 

82,159,6.30 

7.303 

5,957,107 

16,565,000 

2,669,147 

2,556.244 

6,300.000 

600,000 

.31,550,000 

38,925,-598 

350.000 

2,200,000 

1,818,541 


Empire 
Republic 

Sepublic 


Empire 

Kinfjflom 
Kihqdtnii 
O.  fjuchij 
Rtpufjlic 

Empire 

Republic 
Republic 
Republic 
Kingdom 
Republic 

Republic 
Kingdom, 

Empire 
Kingdom 
Republic 

Kingdom 
Republic 

Kingdom 
Empire 
Republic 

Pnncip^y 
Republic 

Kingdom 

Kingdom 
Republic 
No  Gov't 
Republic 

Kingdom 
Empire 
Republic 

Kingdom 

Republic 
Kingdom 
Kingdom 
Republic 

Empire 

Republic 
Republic 
Republic 
Kingdom 


POPULATION   or   LAEGEST  CITIES 
AMERICA   AND   EUROPE. 


IN 


1,  London Where  ij  it  f 

2,  Paris 

3,  Constantinople 

4  New  York 

5.  Berlin 

6.  Philadelphia 

7.  St  Petersburg 

8.  Vienna 

9.  Liverpool 

10.  Manchester 

11.  Glasgow 

12.  Naples 

13.  Rio  Janeiro 

14.  Moscow 

15.  Brooklyn 

16.  Birminirham 

17.  Madrid.   

18.  Lyons 

19.  St.  Louis  (Mo.) 

20.  Marseilles 

21.  Chicago 

22.  Baltimore 

23.  Amsterdam 

24.  Leeds 

25.  Warsaw 

26.  Boston 

27.  Dublin 

28.  Rome  (Italy) 

29.  Sheffield 

30.  Hamburg 

31.  Lisbon 

32.  Palermo 

33.  Cincinnati 

34.  Turin 

35.  Breslau 

38,  Havana 

37.  Pesth 

38.  Milan 

39.  Edinburgh. 

40.  Bordeaux 

41.  New  Orleans 

42.  Bristol  (Eng.) 

43.  Barcelona 

44.  Dresden 

45.  Belfast 

46.  Brussels 


On  what  water !  3,262,000 

" 1,825.000 

" 1,075.000 

" 1,249,868 

" 825,000 

" 674,000 

" 667,000 

" 607,000 

" 493,000 

" 480,000 

" 477,000 

" 449,000 

" 420,000 

" 399.000 

" 483,252 

•' 34,3,(»0 

" 332,000 

•• 324,000 

" •414,393 

" 300.000 

" •395,408 

" 267,000 

" 265,000 

" 259,000 

" 252,000 

" 341,919 

" 246,000 

" 'iM,000 

" ^40,000 

" aio.ooo 

" 224,000 

" 219,000 

" •266,000 

" 208,000 

" 208,000 

" 805,000 

" 202,000 

" 199.000 

" 196,000 

" 1*1,000 

" •203.439 

" 182,000 

" 180,000 

" 177,000 

" 174,000 

" in.ooo 


DIRECTIONS  FOR  DRAWING  AFRICA. 


Begin  at  E,  measure  north  8  ms.,  marking  the  points 
l\-i,  .',,  4>2,  and  5J-3.  From  E  measure  west  to  F,  7  ms., 
marking  the  points  %,  2,  and  3.  From  %  on  this  line, 
through  l^-i,  north  of  E,  measure  3  ms.,  and  draw  the 
island  of  Mmlagaffiar.  F^om  2  ms.  west  of  E, 
through  Jf  north  of  E,  measure  G  ms.  to  Cape  Guar- 
dafiii,  and  draw  the  south-eastern  coast  line.  From 
Hi  north  of  E,  measure  west  7  ms.,  and  mark  Ji  ms. 
5  ms,  and  >i  ms.  From  3  west  of  E,  at  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  measure  to  A,  marking  the  measurement,  dis- 
tances, and  draw  the  coast  line. 

From  cS'  north  of  E  measure  west  S  ms.,  marking  2  ms. 
at  B,  and  4  ms.  at  C.    At  1  m.  north  of  C  mark  the 


point  D.  Measure  from  5V^  north  of  E  to  B,  and  thence 
from  B  to  D,  and  draw  the  Hed  Sea  and  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Connect  G  ms. 
north  of  F  with  D,  mark  the  meastirement  distances, 
and  complete  the  coast  lines  of  the  Atlantic  and  the 
Mediterranean. 

Then  from  the  Map  on  page  82  mark  the  capes  with 
their  names  ;  also  the  islands,  the  moimtains.  the  large 
lakes  ;  the  principal  rivers ;  the  Great  Desert  ;  nest,  the 
countries  which  borotr  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  on 
the  Red  Sea,  on  the  Indian  Ocean  and  Mozambique 
Channel,  on  the  .Vtlantic  Ocean  and  the  Gulf  of  Guinea. 
Locate  the  capital  of  each  country. 


47.  Munich-.Where  isitr  OnwhatwattrJ  169.000 

48.  Florence " 167,000 

49.  Copenhagen " 162,000 

50.  Prague '• 157,000 

51.  Lille  (France)  ....  " 155,000 

52.  Bahia " 152,000 

5.3.  Adrianople " 150.000 

54.  San  Francisco " 149.000 

55.  Bradford  (Eng.) ..  " 145,000 

56.  Stockholm " 138,000 


57.  Genoa. .Whereisil!  tawhtlwatfr!  130.000 

58.  Cologne " 129,000 

59.  Venice " 129,000 

60.  Newcastle " 138,000 

61.  Toulouse " 127,000 

62.  Antwerp " 128.000 

63.  Lima " 121,000 

64.  Buenos  Ayres..  " 178,000 

65.  Odessa " 121.000 

66.  Hull  (Eng.) " 121,000 


67.  Dnndee..'h«'«'«i' 

68.  Buffalo 

69.  Seville 

70.  Bologna 

71.  Rotterdam 

72.  Santiago 

73.  Nantes 

74.  Messina   

75.  Leipsic 

76.  Montreal 


!  Od  what  water  7  119,000 

" •134,000 

" 118.000 

" 118,000    i 

" 116.000    ; 

" 115.000    ' 

" 112.000 

" 112,000 

" 107.000 

" 107,000    I 


98 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


COMPARATIVE     SIZES. 

Uac/i   oblong  frame  here  represe/tls  Nte   Slate  of  Kansas— 200  miles  wide  by  iOO  miles  long.      The 
stales,  countries,  etc.,  being  drawn  on  the  same  scale  as  Kansas,  their  sizes  are  easily  remembered . 


Mississippi  is  the  same  in  width  as  Kan- 
sas ;  and  the  distance  /rom  the  north- 
ern  boundary  of  Mississifypi  to  the  south- 
ern boundary  o/ Louisiana  is  equal  to        Austria  is  about  three  times  as  large  as  Kansas.     {See  also  pages  20,  28,  29,  34,  37.  41, 
The  Island  0/  Hayti  is  Hearty  as  long  a.  Kansas.  ,/,,  length  0/ Kansas— ^oo  mites.  42.  43.  63.  64.  ^6.  67. 


COMPARATIVE     SHAPES 


A  lizard. 


Turkey. 


A  turkey. 


Nrw  Guinea  A  Guinea  hen. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


99 


(^ 


Ironunciation  of  Geographical  wames. 


Aar,  ahr- 

Abaco,  ah'bah-ko. 

Ab-bi  tib'b.'. 

Abnuiey,  ab-o-may', 

Aboukir,  ab-bon-keer'. 

Ab-se'ciim. 

Abyios.  ah-biMo8. 

Acapuico,  ab-kab-pool'ko. 

Ac-co-inac'. 

Acliet-n,  iitcb-een'. 

Aconcagua,  ab-koa-kah'gwah. 

Acquia,  a-kwi'.'L 

Ac'ia. 

Acre.  abTtPr. 

Adalia,  ah-dahle-ah. 

A-d.-i; 

AMi-n. 

A'i'iLTe,  (ir  aUMe-jo. 

Ad'r;iun'[ile. 

A<Kii:itic. 

^Si'an.  c-jo'an. 

Afghanistan'. 

Agiia  Dulce,  ali'pwnh-dool'say. 

Agiillias.  ab-gooKyahs. 

Aisiie,  ail). 

Aix-ia-(-'bapt'lIp.  aiks-Iab-shah-pel'. 

AJaccio,  ab-yabt'tcho. 

Alamo,  ali'lali-1110. 

Aland,  nli'lanil. 

Albans,  8l.,  Scnt-awl'bunz. 

AI-I)c-marIe'. 

Albuquerque,  ahl-boo-ker'kay. 

Aleutian,  a-Iu'sbe-an. 

Alpi-ziras,  al-je-zee'raa. 

Altai,  alil-ti''. 

AUaniahaw,  awl-ta-ma-hftw'. 

Altnn.  abl'tcn. 

Altuna,  abl'lo-niili. 

Alvarado,  abl-vab-rah'do. 

Aui'azun. 

Amboy'. 

Amlierst,  ahm'ersL 

Amiens,  am'i-enz. 

Amoo,  ab-inoo'. 

Anioor,  or  Amour,  ah-moor'. 

A-nioy'. 

Amsterdam', 

Anadir,  ah-nidi-dcer'. 

Analinac.  ah-nab-wahk' 

A  nam',  or  an'nahm. 

Andaman'. 

Andes,  an'decz. 

Anib>rra,  ahn-dor'rah. 

An'dover. 

Anglfsea,  anp'glea-a. 

Anticos'ti. 

Autictam,  an-te'tam. 

Antigua,  an-te'ga. 

Antilles,  alin-teel'. 

Antisana,  ahn-te-sali'nah. 

Antiicct,  ahu-tuo'ko. 

Ant'werp. 

Ap:iclies,  ah-pah'chayz. 

Ap'en-nint'S. 

Appalacb'ee. 

Appalacbico'la. 

Apurimae,  ab-poo-rc-mahk'. 

Ar-a-ciin'. 

Ar'al. 

Ar'a-rat. 

Arebangel,  ark-an'trol. 

Arcbi[>elai.''>,  ark-o-pol'ab-irn. 

Ardennes,  ar'di'U.  nr  ar-den'. 

Arequipa,  ali-ra-ke'pali. 

Argentine,  alir'gen-tine. 

Aiica,  ab-re'kah. 

Arkan'sas. 

Annagli,  ar-inab'. 

Arnhciiii,  abrn'hiiii& 

Aroos'took. 

Arrap'u-boe. 

Artois,  ahr-twah  . 

Asban'tee,  (ir  ahsh-an-t«'. 

Asia,  a'>ho-a. 

As-saiii'. 

As-sin'ni-b(iin. 

Astraklian,  ahs-trah-kabn'. 

Atacama,  ali-tab-kah'mali. 

Atcliafalayii,  atch-af-a-H'a. 

Atb-a-bas'ca. 

Ath'eiis. 

At-lan'ta. 

Aubignv,  o-hcon-ye'. 

Augustine,  St.,  scnt-aw'giis-toen. 

Australi-t,  aws-tray'Ie-a. 

Auvorgne,  o-varne'. 

Aux  Oayes,  o-kay'. 

Avignon,  ab-veeii-yong'. 

Avon  (Ent;.),  a'von. 

Avon  (Fr),  ah-von. 

Ayr,  air. 

Az'ov,  Az'of,  or  Az'oph. 

A  zores',  or  a-zo'rcz. 


B. 

Baalbec,  or  lialbec,  bald-bok'. 

Bab-el-man'deb. 

Badajos,  bad'a-hose'. 


Bad'en,  or  bah'den, 

Bahia,  bah-e'a. 

Baikal,  bi'kabl. 

Balaklava,  bal-a-klab'vah 

Bal-e-ar'ic. 

Balize,  bah-leez'. 

Balkan,  babl-kahn'. 

Bftl-tnur'al. 

B:il-zae,  bahl-zabk'. 

Bankok',  or  Bangkok'. 

Barba'does,  or  Barba'doa. 

Bar-ne-gat'. 

Karn'sta-ble 

Basle,  bald. 

liath'urst 

Baton  Ronge,  bat'nn  roozb. 

Bayonne,  b&li-yon'. 

Bayou,  bi'oo. 

Beaufort  (Br.  Dominions),  bo'furt. 

Beaufr.rt  (S.  C),  bu'furt. 

Beaufnrt  (France),  bo.f..r'. 

Bedunin.  bed'o-in. 

Becrslieba.  be-er'sbe-ba. 

Behrings,  beer'ingb. 

lie^le-fon-taine'. 

Belfast'  (Ireland);  Bel'fast  (Maine). 

Bel-grade'. 

Beloocbi&tan'. 

Benares,  bcn-ah'rez. 

Bengal,  ben-gawl'. 

Bengazi.  ben-gah'ze. 

Benin,  ben-een'. 

Ben  Lo'inond. 

Ber'bera. 

Bermudas,  ber-raoo'dafc 

Bexar,  ba-habr'. 

Bevrriut.  bay'root. 

Biafra,  bf-afrah. 

Bilbao,  bil-baU'o. 

Bing'en. 

Bistinoan,  bls-te-no'. 

Blenheim,  blen'im. 

B()gota,  bo-go-tah'. 

Bokhara,  bo-kah'rab. 

Htdogna,  b«-lone'yah. 

Bomarsund,  bo'mar-soond. 

Bombay'. 

Bonifaccio,  bo-ne-fab'tcho. 

Bon  Homme,  bo-nom'. 

Bonita,  bo-ne'tah. 

Boo-tan'. 

Hnothia,  boo-tlie'ah. 

Bordeaux,  bor-du', 

Borgne,  born. 

BoH'dino,  bor-o-de'no. 

Bos'po-rus,  or  Bos'pho-ma, 

lioulocne,  boo-lono'. 

Bourbon,  boor'bon. 

Bowdoin,  bo'den. 

Bowling  Green,  boling, 

Brali-nm-pu'tra. 

Bras  dX'r,  brah-dore'. 

Itrasb'ear. 

Brazil,  brah-zeeT. 

Brazos,  brah'zos. 

Broni'cn,  or  bray'men. 

Breton,  brit'on, 

Bucharest,  boo-kah-rost'. 

Huenaventura,bway'nnb-ren-too'rah. 

Biiena  Vislii,  bway'nah-vis'lab. 

liuenos  Ayres,  bo'nus  a'riz. 

Bulgaria,  'bool-gay're-ah, 

Bur'gun-dy. 

Bus'so-rab. 


c. 

Ca-bool'. 

Cadiz,  kay'diz. 

Caen,  kon, 

Caermarthen,  ker-mnr'tben. 

Caernarvon,  ker-nar'von. 

Casliari,  kahl'yah-re. 

Cahawba.  ka-naw'bab. 

Caicos,  ki'kose. 

Cairo  (Egypt),  ki'rn  ;  (U.  S.),  kay'ro. 

Calabar,  kah-lah-bar'. 

Calais,  kal'is. 

Calcasieu,  kahl'ka-shu. 

Callao,  kalil-lah'o.  or  kahl-yab'n. 

Cambridge,  kamc'brij. 

Campagna,  kahm-pahn'yah. 

Canajobarie,  knn-a-jo-bar're. 

Canandaigua,  kan-an-da'gwa. 

Can-av'er-al. 

(^andahar'. 

C6n-ton'(CbinA);  Can'ton  (U,  8.) 

Cape  Olrardean.  je-rar-do'. 

Cape  Ilaytien,  hay'te-en. 

Cap'u-a.  or  kah'poo-ah. 

Caquita,  kah-kay'tah. 

Caracas,  kah-mh'kas. 

Car'de-nas,  or  kar'day-D»8. 

Caribbe'un. 

Car'ibbee. 

Carlscroiia,  karls-kroo'na. 

Carlsrube.  karls'roo. 

Carthagena,  kar-ta-je'nah. 

Cash  gar'. 

Cashmere'. 

Castiglione,  kahs-teel'yo'nay. 


Catoche,  kab-to-chay'. 

Cat'te-gat 

Cau'casua 

Cayenne,  kl-en 

Cayman,  kl-man'- 

Celebes,  sel'e-beea. 

Cerigo.  cher'e-go. 

Cevennes,  sa-ven', 

Cey'loD. 

Chagres,  shah'grea. 

Chaleur,  shah-loor'. 

Cbapultepec,  cbah-pool-ta-pok'. 

Chateaugiiy,  sbat'o-gay. 

Chaudiere,  sho-de-air', 

Chaumont,  sho-rnong',  or  flho-m(/, 

Chatauqua,  slia-taw'qwa. 

Chemung,  she-mung. 

Cherburg,  sher'burg. 

Che-sun'cook. 

Cheviot,  cliiv'e-ut. 

Cheyenne,  she-en'. 

Chicago,  sbe-kaw'go. 

Chick-a-mau'ga. 

Chick'a-saw 

<'hicopee,  chik-o-pe'. 

Chihuahua,  che-wah'wah. 

Chili,  cbil'le. 

Chii-li-coth'e. 

Chiloe,  che-lo-ay'. 

Chimboiazo,  ehim-bo-rah'zo. 

Chincba,  cbin'cbah. 

Chinchilla,  cbin-cliecl'yah. 

Cbincoteague,  ehin-ko-teeg'. 

Chiriqui,  cbe-ro-ke'. 

Choco,  eho'ko. 

Chovran,  cho-wawn', 

Chuquisaca,  choo-ke-sah'kah. 

(  icnfuegos,  sc-en-fway'gos. 

Cincinnati,  t-in-sin-nab'te. 

Ciudad  Real,  .'^c-oo-dad'  r.i-ahT. 

Civita  Vecchia,  che've-tah  vek'he-ah. 

Cler-mont'. 

Coahutia,  ko-ah-welah. 

Coatzacoalcos.  ko-alit-sah-kwahl'koce 

Cobija,  ko-be'liab. 

Cognac,  kon-yak'. 

Cohahuiia,  ko-ub-welah. 

Cohoes'. 

Cole-raine'. 

Colima,  ko-lo'mab. 

Cologne,  ko-lone'. 

Colora<io,  k<)l-"-rah'd<>. 

Comayagiia,  ko-mi-ah'gwab. 

Com'o-rin. 

Com'o-ro. 

Concha,  kon'chah. 

Concord,  konk'nrd. 

Congaree,  kong-ga-re'. 

Con-hoc 'ton. 

Connanght,  kon'naTvt. 

Connecticut,  ktm-net'e-kut. 

Contrera-s  kon-tray'ras. 

Coquimbo,  ko-keem'bo. 

Coralline,  kor'al-lin. 

Cor'do-va. 

Cor-fu',  or  kor-foo', 

Cor'inth. 

Cor'ri-en'tes, 

Coleau  desPrairieR,ko-to'day-pray-re' 

Cotopaxi,  ko-to-paks'e. 

Coupee,  koo-pay'. 

('oxsackie,  kook'-saw'ke. 

Cracow,  kray'ko. 

Croatia,  kro-a'sho-a. 

Croix,  St..  krol. 

Cuenca,  kwen'kah. 

Cumana,  koo-mah-nah 

Curacoa,  ku-ra-so'. 

Cuyalioga,  ki-a-hc/ga. 

Cusco,  koos'ko. 

Cy-re'ne. 

D. 

Bahompy,  dah-ho'may. 

Dalboui^ie,  dal-lioo'zo. 

Palmatia.  dal-niay'ahe-ah. 

Dalton.  dawl'ton. 

Dantzic,  dant'sik. 

Dan'ube. 

Dauphin,  daw'fin. 

Del  Fuorte,  del  fwer'tay. 

Dcl-bi'.  or  del'le. 

Deni'be-a. 

Demerara,  dem-e-rah'rah. 

Derne.  der'aeli. 

Des'er-et. 

Des  Moines,  de-moin'. 

Des  Plaines,  day-plane'. 

Dhawalaghiri,  dah-wah-law-gher're. 

Diarbekif,  de-ar-bay-keer'. 

Dnieper,  ni'per. 

Dniester,  nees'ter. 

Dominicn,  dom-c-ne'ka. 

Donegal,  don-e-gawl'. 

Dongola,  dong'go-la. 

Dor'ch  ester. 

Dorilogne.  dor-done'. 

Drogheda,  droh'he-da. 

Dubuque,  du-biihk'. 

Dadro«  doo-ay'ro. 


Dun-dalk'. 
Dun'ktrk. 
D'Urban,  dtir^an. 

K 

Echelles,  Les.  layz-a-«heK. 

Ecuador',  or  Equador' 

Edfou,  ed'foo. 

Edinburgh,  ed'in-bur-rah. 

Ed'isto. 

Kider,  i'der. 

Elboorz'. 

El  Dorado,  do-rah'do. 

Eleuthera,  e-loo'thd-rah. 

Elgin,  el'ghin. 

El  I'aso  del  Norte. el-pah'so  del  nor'ta. 

Encland,  ing'lan<l. 

Er'e-bus. 

E'ri  n . 

Eso'pus. 

Erzgebirge,  erts-ga-beeKga. 

Espirito  Santo,  es-pe're-to-san'to 

E.>quimaux,  es'ke-mo. 

Etienne.  ay-te-en'. 

Et'o-wali. 

Euphrates,    u-fray'teer. 

Eureka,  yoo-re'kali. 

Eutaw,  yoo'taw. 

Euxine,  yux'in. 

Ev'er-est. 

Exuma,  ex-oo'mah. 

F. 

Faaborg.  fo'borg, 

Falkland,  fawk'land. 

Falmouth,  fal'muth. 

Faroe,  fay'ro. 

Fauquier,  faw-keor' 

Fayal,  fi-awl'. 

Fay'etteville. 

Fee'jee. 

Ferrol,  fer-iole'. 

Fez-zan'. 

Fitcbtelgebirge,  fik-tel-ga-beer'ga. 

Finisterre.  fin-is-tare'. 

Fiord,  fe-ord'. 

Flamborougb,  flam'bur-ruh, 

Flo'res. 

Foggia,  fod'iah. 

Fond  du  L.nc,  fond-<lu-lak'. 

Formentern.  fnr-raen-tay'rah. 

Foulah,  foo'iah. 

Frio,  fre'o. 

Fron-te-nac'. 

Funchal,  foon-shal'. 

G. 

Gact.%  gah-ay'tah. 

Galilee,  gal'e-le. 

Gallinas,  gal-Ie'nas. 

C.alway,  gawl'way. 

Gan'gfS. 

Garonne,  gab-mne', 

Gaspe.  gabs-pay'. 

Gatineau,gah-tu-n</. 

Gen'o-a. 

Geral.  zbay-rahl'. 

Geysers,  glii'zerz- 

Ghent,  phard. 

Gihon,  jc-hon'. 

Gila,  he'lab. 

Gil-bo'a,  g  hard. 

Gil'e-ad. 

Glasgow.  gla.s'go. 

Gloucester,  glos'ter. 

Goderich,  gnile'rik. 

Gotha,  go'tab. 

Gotharti,  got'hart 

Gracias-a-Dios,  grah'se-ahs-fth-de-os'. 

Granada,  grab-nab'dah. 

Greenwich,  grin'y,  or  green'ich. 

Gnadalaxara,  gwah-dah-lah-hah'rah. 

Guad.ilquiv'er. 

Guanabani,  gwah-nah-hah'ne. 

Guanaxnato.  gwali-nab-bwah'to. 

Guardafui.  gwar-dah-fwee'. 

Guayaquil,  ewi-ah-keel'. 

Guaymas,  gwi'mae. 

Guernsey,  ghern'ze. 

Guiana,  ge-ah'na. 

Ouyandotte,  gi-an^dot'. 


Hague,  haig. 

Hainan,  hi-nahn'. 

Hakodate,  hah-ko-dahte. 

Haussa,  how'san. 

Haverhill  ( M.ass.\  hay'ver-il. 

Haverhill  (Eni:.>.  hav'er-il. 

Havre  de  Grace,  bav'er-ile-graat, 

Hawaii,  hah-wi'e. 

Hayti.  bay'te. 

Haytien,  hay'te-en. 

Fleidelborg.hi'del-berg. 

Herat,  her-aht'. 


Hiawatha,  hi-ah-wah'thah. 

Himalay'a. 

HfndoosLan'. 

Ho-ang'Ho. 

Ho'bo-ken, 

Holstein.  hol'stlne. 

Hondo,  bone'do, 

Honolulu. 

Hnusat-mic,  hoo-ita-tOB'Ik. 

Hue,  hoo-ay'. 

Hu'ron. 

Hy-der-a-bad'. 


I'^aho. 

Illimani,  eel-yah-mah'no. 

Illinois,  ll-lin'-oy'. 

Indies,  ii/diz. 

Indighirca,   in-de'gblr'kah. 

Innspruck,  ins'prook. 

Inverness'. 

I'owa. 

Irkoutsk'. 

Iroquois,  ir-o-kwoy<. 

Ir'tysh. 

Iser.  ee'zer. 

Ispahan'. 

I^ca,  e-ve'sah. 


Jalana,  bali-lah'pah. 
Jeddo,  yed'do. 
Jes.so.  yos'so.  Properly  Tezo. 
Jorull",  ho-ro(d'yo. 
Jucgfnin.  ynnng'frow. 
Juotata,  joM-cc-ah'tah. 


Kal -a*  ma-Zoo'. 

Kamt-schatka,  kam-ohafka. 

Kanagawa,  kan-a-gaii'wab. 

Kanawha,  ka-naw'wa. 

Kankakee'. 

Kara,  kah'rab. 

Ka-tah'din. 

Kehl,  kail 

Kelat'. 

Ken-ne-bec'. 

Ke'o-kuk. 

Khartoom'. 

Khiva,  kee'vah. 

Khokan,  ko-kahn'. 

Kiank-ku,  ke-aDg-k*w'. 

Kickapoo'. 

Kiel.  keel. 

Kiushio,  ke-oo'she-oo'. 

Kuko-Nor'. 

Kordofan,  kor-do-fahn'. 

Kuen-Lun,  kwen-Ioon'. 

L. 

Lab-ra-dor'. 
Lachine,  iah-shcen'. 
Lftdakh.  lab-dnkh. 
Lago  Ma^iore.  lah'g"  mahd-jt/ra. 
La  Guayra,  lab  gwi'rah. 
Lahore'. 
Lanc'asUr. 

Languedoc.  lon-geh-*Iok'. 
La<ts,  lah'oce. 
La  Plata,  lah-plah'Uh. 
La  Porte,  lab-port'. 
La  Rue,  lah-roo'. 
La  Salle.  lab-sal'. 
Lch,  lay. 
LeicesU-r,  los'ler. 
Leigh,  lee. 
Leipsic,  lipe'sit 
Lev<len,  li'den. 
Lichtenfels,  iik'ten-fels. 
Lille,  nr  Lisle,  leel. 
Lima  (Peru\  le'tnah  ;  (XT.  9.),  li'ma 
Linnhe,  lin'ne. 
Ltpari.  lip'a-re. 
Llanos,  I'yah'norp. 
Loch  Lomond,  lok-lo'oiuDJ. 
Loffo'd  en- 
Loire.  Iwahr. 
Lia  Kio. 

Lough  Neagh.  bdi-nay'. 
Louis,  St.,  sent  bMi'I>.  or  loo'e. 
Loiiisiade.  loo-e-ze-ahd'. 
Louisville,  UK>'i»-vil. 
Lowell,  lo'el. 
Lucayos  loo-ki'os. 
Lapata,  lu-pnh'tah. 
Luzon.  Irto-ione'. 
Lyonnais,  le-on-nay'. 


Macao,  mah-kah'o,  ormah-kow'. 

Hack'inaw. 

Madeira,  ma-di'rab. 

Madras'. 


M»'1Hr1'(l^9.):  nuh-drewl' (Sp.) 

Ma.  i-trt'tn.   rniiyr»truin. 

\|  V-.  f,,  itiiu;Vr-> 

M  liTK'i  T.-.  nm»i-lj..'r». 

Mttl'aira,  or  iPfthlah-gah. 

Mii-Ifiv'. 

MalMiveJ 

Maniu^uii,  mnh-naK'jrwah. 

Manttouwoc,  nmntj-l<»«»-wok'. 

Mao'tii-a. 

Minzanttln.  in»hn-»ah>noel'7o. 

Mii|><>cli<>,  rn;ih-|nt'clio. 

Marftciybn.  iiiab-rali-kito. 

.\r;.r;U>JiHril'. 

M  ira'L.n.  mab-rahn-yon'. 
M.r' -r-L 

M  v.'-aha, 

M 

M  -r,d'. 

M  ,  ■        j  ;.  ,  tiiiir-li-noct'. 

M  .  ■  .    7.1V 

M  it-    rl.-'.  iti.il5-fnl'. 

M.nK-li  riiimk.  iimwk-cbunk'. 

Maiiritiu».  inaw-rt.thVua. 

M.ivsl.  ml'.-*'. 

M.»i:iil;iti'. 

M..lin;i,  nio-.U''nah. 

M.-liTN  tih-;:z. 

Mi-tnani,  tiia-e-nam'. 

Mi'lbiiurrit^  nu-rburn. 

Menat.  iiien'U  or  m^n'mj. 

Mc-nan'. 

Mt-ntUtcinn,  inen-<l'>-««'no. 

Monoiii'uncc. 

^i^■(lllmt■z,  mckl-nri. 

M  rlilii,  tiior'c-'lah 

M.rt!i>  r  Tv.lv  il.  incr'ther  Ud'nL 

M<»iu;i.«iic.s-se'nah. 

Mizriir,  rm  r-ano', 

Miako.iiK'-ab'ko. 

Micl/i-k'an. 

Mtcliiliuiacklnac.ml.sh-ll-o-mak'o-iuiw 

Mii'un,  or  nii-UIin'. 

Mille  Lacs  incet-laLk'. 

Minalil'lan. 

Minoio.  iiiln'lclio, 

Minilatiao,  tnin-ilah-nab'o. 

Mmn.^lialia.  iiiin-ne-hah'hah. 

MiraTiiachve,  iiiir-ft>in&-Qbe»'. 

M"*-iIv.  ino-liecl'. 

M<k:Ii:l,  iiti»'kab. 

Mod'r-na. 

Mi»e-a-di>ro'. 

MuIinn.iUl-ll<*y,  mo-ld'no-del-raf. 

M'tm-|KH.  rnoni-poh'. 

Monaco.  iivtu'nli-ko. 

Mon-ch"-bo'. 

Montana,  iimn-tah'nah. 

Mont  Ulanc,  nion-ttloii. 

Mont  tVnI.H,  peh-n»?'. 

Montenegro.  tiion-t*-nay'^o. 

Mont*:rev.  iii.>n-ta-ray'. 

Monte  Vi'leo.  inon-ta-ve'Ja-o. 

M-mtserrat'. 

Moscow,  iiiosTto. 

SloSt'llr,  nio-Zi-I'. 

>Ionrzouk,  moor-zook'. 

Munich,  inoo'nik. 

Mil -cat'. 

Muscatine,  mus-ka-teen', 

Miisco'et'f,  ff  hard. 

Muskc'gon. 

N. 

Nabant'. 

Naoaaaki,  nab(t-tra-sah'k& 

Nankin'. 

Napo.  nab'iH). 

Na«b'ua. 

NauviK/. 

NavariDo,  nah-vah-re'no. 

Neairb,  nay. 

Neernp.nt,  Bay'gro-ponL 

Nep'is-slng. 

Neufcbatel.  niifb-ab-lel'. 

Nevada,  nny-v ;iUMah. 

New'foiiri<UJin<l. 

New  Or'leane. 

NeainK  ir^aU'iu*. 

Nice,  ncL-Cf. 

Nic't>-bar. 

Niger,  nil^r. 

Nip|H)n,  nip'on- 


Nord,  nor. 

Nottingbani,  Dottlng*«iL 

Norfolk.  norTok. 

Norwicb  iKDg.J,  nor'rij ;  (U.B.>,  oor- 

rich. 
Novgorod'. 
Nueces,  nway'MS. 
NiievitaA,  nway-Te'Ua. 
Nyas;-],  nyabb'w. 

0. 

Oftbu,  wah'hoo. 

(Va-sfa. 

Oaxaea«  wah-bab'kAh. 

ObU  (/be. 

Obidoa«  u-be'doa. 

Ocmul'gett,  a  hard. 

Oco'nee. 

O'crocoke, 

Oceo'cbee. 

O-kec-cbo'boa, 

O-ke-fln-oTtfl. 

0-ki'e*cho'be«. 

OkbotAk.  o-kot-^k'. 

Omaba,  o'ma-baw. 

OnL'id.i,  o  nl'dn. 

Ononilapa,  on-nn-ilaw'ea. 

Ontonagon.  »n-too-ah'R<*tt- 

Opelousa-s  op-o-!oo'^aA. 

Orizaba,  o-ro-sab'bab. 

Or'le-ans. 

Ortegal.  or-tc-gahK. 

Osh'kosh. 

Otaheito.  o-tAb-bi/ta. 

Oade,  oo«!. 

Oase.  ooz. 

Ovledcs  o-ve-ay'do. 

Owyhee,  o-wi'o. 

O-iark'. 

p. 

Padua,  pad'yu-ah. 

Pata'Icy. 

Pal'ea-tino. 

Palo  A1U\  nahlo  ablto, 

Paloa,  pahnoc.-. 

Panama,  pab-nab-mah'. 

PaoU.  pa-o'lo. 

Pap'ia.  jtap'on-x 

Para,  pab-rali'. 

Parana,  pab*rab-nah'. 

Paria,  pab'rc-ali. 

Parirna,  pab-ro'inah. 

Paso,  pab'so. 

I'atos,  pab'tnce. 

Pa*.  La,  lah-pahx. 

Pe-cbe-lce'. 

Pecos,  pay'koceL 

Peeks'kill. 

Pegu,  po-goo', 

Petbo,  pay'bo. 

I'elpnft,  pay'e-pua. 

Pekin'. 

Pelce,  peh-lay'. 

Peiew,  pe-l(K<'. 

Pt-liine,  pay-lung'. 

Petii'blna. 

Pepin,  plpln. 

Perdido,  p«r-<le'do. 

Pernambiico,  per-nahm-boo'oot 

Perouse,  pe-rooz'. 

Peru,  |>e-ro</. 

Pesthf  i>est 

Petcbefee'. 

Petch'ora. 

Philippine,  fllln-pln. 

Pirbincb.a,  iH.-ctiecn'chah. 

PIcton.  pik-tou'. 

Pied'iiionu 

Pierre,  pe-air*. 

Pilcoinayo,  nll-ko-ml'o. 

Pinas  pe'nans. 

Pisa,  pe'sah. 

Pissah,  piz'L'ah. 

Plata.  La.  plab'Lab. 

Plateau  du  Oiteau,plab-to'dQ  ko-to'. 

Pocotallco. 

Point  Coupee,  koo-pce'. 

Poliirnar.  po-lcen-yabk'. 

Pomic'ii,  j»om-pay'e. 

Pondicberry,  pon-de-sher're. 

Pontchartriin,  p«-*n.»har-tr»in'. 

Popayan,  jto-pi-ahn'. 


Po-po-cat-a-petl'. 

Porto  Praya,  pri'ab. 

Porlo  Bico,  re'kt». 

INiri  Paix,  por-pay'. 

Pottwi.  po-li-'w. 

Pougbkeer^le,  po-klp'M 

Pow-liaUn'. 

Prairie  dn  Chien.  du  Aheen. 

PrcAque  Isle,  [>re»k-vel'. 

Puebla.  pwtb'lab 

Puerto  }'rlnci|K'.  pwer'topreeo'se>pay< 

PueeU  pii'jfL 

Pulaski,  pu-las'ko. 

Punjaub'. 

Pntumayo,  poo-tou-okl'o. 

Pyr'enew. 

a 

Que  lie  c'. 

Quillou.  keel-yo'tah. 
Quiloa.  kueHu'a, 
Qiiin-t-baiig'. 
Quito,  keo'to. 
Quogue,  kw6g. 

R. 

Racine.  RiLs-scon'. 

Rabway.  raw'way. 

Raleigb,  raw'le. 

Kaniroon,  rahn-go«i'. 

Rapldan'. 

Raven'nn. 

Reading,  rcl'lng. 

Rejrsio.  red^o. 

Reikiavik,  rl'ke-a-vlk. 

Helms,  or  Ubetms  reemx. 

Reoaselaer.  ren'sc-ler. 

Be»acado  la  Palma,  ra-sablah  da  lab 

pnl'mab. 
Restlgoucbe,  res-to-goo-shay'. 
Reus  ray'oocc. 

RcviIIafflgcdo,ray-Tcel-yah-h»-h»y'do 
Reyes,  ray'es. 
Rbaetian,  ro'.sbun. 
Rhea,  ray. 

Ricbelieii,  rc-sbc-loi/. 
Rldeau,  re-di/. 

Riesengebirgo^  re'sen-ga-boeKgeh. 
Rl'pa.  or  re'ga. 
Rio  Dulce,  re'o-dool'sa. 
Rio  Grande,  re'o-crahn'day. 
Rio  Janeiro,  re'o-Ja-ne'ro. 
iiistogoucbe,  ris-to-gow'sha. 
Rochelle,  ro-sbell'. 
Roiiiagna,  ro-mabn'ya. 
Rouen,  roo'en. 

Russia,  rusb'e-a,  or  roo'sba-k 
Byswick,  rlz'wlk. 

s. 

Saar'dain. 

Sabine,  aab-been'. 

Sac,  sawk. 

Sackatoo,  sabk-kab-too'. 

Saco,  saWko. 

Saghallen,  5ab-Kah1e-en. 

Sagliano,  nahl-yab'no. 

9agua-la-Grande,  &ab'gwahdah- 

grabn'day. 
tfaguenay,  sAc-eh-nay'. 
Sahara,  sa-hali'rab. 
Saigon,  ^1-gon', 
Saiacio,  sab-lab'ilo. 
Salisbury,  sawtz'bcr-e. 
Salonlca!  sab-lo-nc'kah. 
Saltillo,  Mhl-teel'yo. 
Salvador'. 

8a  man  a,  sah-mab-nab'. 
Bainarcand'. 
Sana,  sab-nab'. 

San  Bernardino,  pabn  bor-nar-dc'no. 
San  Bias,  san  blnhh'. 
San  Diego,  san  de-ay'go, 
San  Felipe,  fa-le'pay. 
Saniramon.  Sane'ca-inon. 
San  Joaquin,  wah-keen'. 
San  Jose,  bo-iay'. 
San  Juan,  boo-abn'. 
San  Sal-va-dnr'. 
I  Santa  Cruz.  Mlm'ta-krooz. 
I  Santa  Fe,  fav. 
Santa  Margarita,  mabr-gah-ree'tah, 
Santiago,  sahn-te-ab'go. 
Saor ',  soDe. 


Saratof. 

ba&-katch'a-wao. 

Saugatuck.' 

Saugerties,  saw'gor'teea, 

Scbeldt,  «<kelL 

Scbledam,  bkn-dwn'. 
!  SchiHlak'. 
(  Scboo'dlk. 

Schuyler,  skller. 

Schuylkill,  Kkixd'kin. 

Scbwerin,  »buay-re«ik'* 

Bclnde. 

Scio,  si'o. 

Scioto,  sl-ii'la 

8cnt«ri.  akoo-uti'roe. 

8e-ba'go. 

Sego,  sav'go. 

8ohllltz,'Mde'lltz. 

Seine,  sane. 

Senegal,  sen-e-cawl'. 

Serapl8.  wr-ay'pls. 

Sergipe  del  Key,  iier-zb9'p=*}''''^l''^7* 

Sevier,  sc-vcer^. 

Seychelle.i.  Na-.ihcll'. 

Shanio,  Rhii-Mio'. 

Shaog-llae.  shang-hl'. 

Bhanangunk.  sbung'gum. 

She-I'oy'gan. 

Shcn-an-do'ali. 

Shiran,  sbe-rnhz'. 

Sbosh -ones'. 

Sierra  Leone,  w-er'rab  la-o'na. 

Sierra  Madre.  inali'dray. 

Sierra  Xeva<Ia,  n;iy-vah'dah. 

Singapore,  sinc-gali-poro', 

Slgoiirney,  tIg'ur-DO. 

Sl-koke'. 

Sinai,  si'nay. 

SlnK/pe. 

Sioot,  or  SiouL,  ao-ool'. 

Sioux,  Bito. 

Sir-i-KoI,  secr-e-kol'. 
Sisal,  sc-sahl'. 
Sken-e-al'u-Ica. 
Skye,  ski. 

Sirgo- 

So'Co'tra,  or  sok'o-trah. 

Solfcrino,  nol-fa-re'no. 

Sombrero,  ftom-bra'ro, 

Soodan',  or  boudan'. 

Soo-loo'. 

Sorato,  so-rab'tah. 

So-rel'. 

Soutcbeou,  aoo-che-oo'. 

Spa,  spall. 

Spree,  epray. 

Stambonl'. 

St.  Ber-nard'. 

SteUJn,  stct-teen'. 

Stromboii,  strom^bo-lSb 

Stutt'gart. 

Su'ez. 

Suffolk,  Buffok. 

Sumatra,  wio-mah'trab. 

Sumbawa,  sum-baw'wah. 

Surinam,  eoo-rin-am'. 

Suwanee,  eoo-witli'no, 

Swansea,  fiwoo'se. 

Syr'a-cusc. 


Tabreez,  or  Tabriz,  tab-breez'. 

Ta-co'Dy. 

Tabiti,  Uh-he'te. 

Tahle-quah. 

Taliaferro,  Kd'e-Tcr. 

Tamaqua,  ta-maw'kwa. 

TemaullpaA,  lab-mou-le'paba. 

Tamplco,  labm-pe'ko. 

Tananarivoo,  tab-nah-nab-rc*voo'. 

Taney,  taw'ne. 

Tanganyika,  tnbn-gan-ye'kab. 

Tangier,  tan-Jeer'. 

Taos,  tah'oce. 

Tapajos,  tah-pah'-zhoce. 

Tarifa.  U-re'fab. 

Taunton  (Ma^s.l,  tabn'ton. 

Tchad,  cbabd. 

Teheran,  teh-her-abn'. 

Tehnantepoc.  lay-wun-tay-pek'. 

Terrc  Bon,  tare-bon'. 

Terro  Haute',  ter-reh-b«t«'. 

Teolada,  ta-oo>lab'dab. 


Teacuco,  tea-ktx/kou 

Thalu,  tuh'leh. 

Thami-\  tvuiz. 

Thels.s  Use. 

Tbes-fra-lo-nl'ca. 

Thibet,  tlb'eL 

Ticini»,  te-chee'no. 

Tientsin,  le-eiit'seoa. 

Tim-buc'Uw. 

Timor,  to-more'. 

Titicac^L,  tlt-e-kab'kah. 

Tivoli.  ilv'o-le.    ~ 

Tokio.  u.'ke-o. 

Tonqutn.  toa-kocn'. 

To-pe'ka. 

Toulon'. 

Toulouse,  too-looft''. 

Tmf-cl-gar'. 

Trcb'i-zond. 

Tre<I'c-car. 

Tre-rnont'. 

Trieste,  tr.^-OBt', 

Trin-l-dad'. 

Tripoli,  irip'o-Ie. 

Truxillo,  triMybeel-yo. 

Tu-at'. 

Tuarlcks.  too-nh-reekn', 

I'libac,  too-bulik'. 

Tularo,  too-lab'ray. 

Tungous€8,toonK-gm.'«r7.. 

Tunguracua,  to<ing-g(M>-rab'gWfc 

Tu'rin,  or  tu-rin'. 


tTcayale,  oo-kl-ablay. 
1  jije.  ...>.J,-'je. 
I'nndllla,  yo<»<nab-diriah. 
I  pernavik.  otfper  nah-\ik. 
Utrecht,  u'trekL 

V. 

Valal^  vab-lay', 

Valdai,  vatd'dt. 

Val'la-do-Ild'. 

Vall.jo,  vabl-lajlio. 

Valparaiso,  val-nab-rl'zo. 

V:in  Diemen'N  de'menz. 

V^-ra  Cruz,  vay'rah  krooa, 

Vergennes,  ver-Jenz'. 

Vermejo,  ver-may'bo. 

V'erseilles,  ver-salls'. 

Ve-vay'. 

Vienna,  ve-en'na. 

Villa  Real,  veeryuli  ra-ahl'. 

Vincennes,  vln-*<'nz'. 

Vindbya,  vind'yah. 

Vist'u-la. 

Viviers,  ve-ve-ay'. 

w. 

Wacbusett,  waw-cboo'set. 

Watlacbia,  wol-lay'ke*a. 

Wartha,  wabr'tah. 

Washita,  wosh'e-taw. 

Wieliczka,  we-litcb'ka. 

Wilki-sbarre,  uilks'bar-re. 

Willa'metU'. 

Winneba'go. 

Winnlpi.-ieogee.  win-e-pe-aaw'kc. 

Winona,  we-no'nah. 

Worcester,  woot'ter. 

Wy-o'mlng. 

Y. 

Takoutak.  yah-koot*k'. 

Vang-taektang,  ke-abng'. 

Vank'ton. 

Vap-bank. 

Ya-zoo', 

Yenlkale,  yen-o-kab1ay. 

Yenisei,  yen-o-»ay'e. 

Venlwisk.  yen-c-feay'itsk. 

Youghloehcny,  yrdi-ho-gay'ae. 

YpslTantl.  tp-sl-fan'te. 


Zacatecas.  zah-kab-tay-kaa. 
Zam-bezi-',  or  zara-bay'zo, 
Zansuibar.  zang-gc-bar'. 
Zanzibar'. 
Zurich,  zoo'rlk. 
Zayder  Zee,  zlMer-SM. 


Abyssinia,  a  mixed  people. 

Aixda-Chapell'-,  waters  of  the  chapel. 

Alps  snow-clad  inouQtaios. 

Aniicu:K  ancienL 

Arizona.  ^;ind  hills. 

Asia,  the  east. 

Azores*,  hawks. 

Bab-el-M:tndeb,cate  oftean. 

Bahia  Hon  la,  deep  bay. 

Baton  Rou^e,  red  staff. 

Bayou,  a  creek, 

Belleisle,  beautiful  Island. 

Ben  Lomond,  beacon  moantain. 

Ben  More,  creat  (nonntain. 

Blanc  or  Blanco,  wliite. 

Bombay,  cood  harbor. 

Bod  Homme,  good  uiao. 


EANiNG  OF  .Geographical 


BordeauT.  border  of  the  water. 
Bras  d"Or,  an  arm  of  gold. 
Buena  Vista,  fine  view. 
Buenos  Ayre^.  fine  air. 
Cairn,  victorious. 
Cape  Verd.  jrreen  cape. 
Catskill.  cat's  or  lynx  creek. 
Caucasus,  white  mountains. 
Cayuga,  long  pond. 
Cerro  Gordo,  mountain  paM. 
Charieston,  after  Charles  L,  of  Eng- 
Chesarwake.  great  waters.  [land. 

Chili,  land  of  snow. 
Chimborazo.  chimney. 
Chuquisaca.  trolden  bridge. 
Clermont,  clear  mountala. 
Colorado,  red  or  colored. 


Cork,  marsh. 

c'osta  Rica,  rich  roa-t. 

Cumberland,  a  land  of  hollows. 

Delaware,  after  Lord  de  la  Ware. 

Pes  Moines,  a  place  of  mounds. 

Dnieper,  upper  river. 

Dniester,  lower  river. 

Dwina  double  river. 

Ebro.  fiiaming  river. 

Elbe,  white. 

El  Paso,  the  pass. 

Esniritii  Santo.  Holy  Spflit 

Ethiopia.  t«>  burn. 

Finisterro.  en<l  of  the  land. 

Florence,  flowery  city. 

Fond  du  Iac,  end  of  the  lake. 

Frio,  cold. 


Names. 


Fuego,  fire. 

Galapagos,  tortoises. 

Glasgow,  dark  ravine. 

Graclos  k  l>io>,  thanks  to  Oo<l. 

Havre  de  Grace,  harbor  of  aafety. 

Hayti,  hisb  land. 

He'nlopen.  run  In. 

Hudson,  after  Henry  Hadaoo. 

Irrawaddy.  great  river. 

Java,  rice. 

Jerusalem,  place  of  peace. 

•Ionian,  the  flo\riog. 

Kansas,  smokv  water. 

Katahdin,  highest  place. 

Kennebec  long  lake. 

Liberia,  free. 

Louisiana,  after  Louis  XIV.  of  France. 


Majorca,  irreater. 
Manitnulln.  ipirit  Islands. 
Mediterranean,  middle  of  the  lan«L 
Minnehaha,  laughing  water. 
Mi.sslssippi,  great  river. 
Missouri,  muddy. 
Minorca,  less. 
Montreal,  royal  mountain. 
Nova  Scotia,  new  Scotland. 
Palestine,  la:  d  of  wanderers. 
Tata^oDia,  clumsy  feet. 
Piedmont.  fi>ot  or  the  mountain. 
Polvnesia.  many  islands. 
San' Domingo,  holy  Sabbath. 
S-in  Salv.-wlor,  holy  Saviour. 
SanU  Cruz  or  Croix,  holy  cross. 
Santa  Fe,  holy  faith. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


101 


ILLINOIS,  IOWA,  pD  IVIISSOURI, 

MAP-DRAWI  NG. 

( To  precede  the  Questions  on  page  42. ) 

Draw  the  eastern  boundary  line  of  Illinois,  the 
same  as  the  western  boundary  line  of  Indiaiui, 
3  m.  from  Lake  Michigan  to  Wabash  River.  From 
F,  measure  {  m.  north  and  {  m.  west  to  A,  and 
draw  the  southern  coast  of  Luke  Micliii/du. 
Locate  ('liic(tf/(>. 

Mark  the  northern  boundary  }  m.  from  A  to  B. 
Locate  Cairo  IJ  m.  south  of  the  line  A  B.  Meas- 
ure the  extreme  breadth  of  the  State  li  m.  on  the 
line  V  U,  and  draw  the  Mississippi,  Ohio,  and 
Wdbdsli  Rivers.     Complete  drawing  of  State. 

Next  draw  Iowa,  commencing  with  its  north- 
em  boundary  13  m.  from  C  to  D,  and  ^  m.  north  of 
the  northern  boundary  of  Illinois.  Observe  the 
measurements,  and  complete  the  drawing  of  Iowa. 

Complete  3Iissouri,  by  commencing  at  K  and 
measuring  i  m.  east  and  i  m.  south  to  Kansas 
Citij.  Mark  its  southern  boundary  IJ  m.  south  of 
its  northern,  \\  m.  in  length  from  N  to  T,  and  \  m. 
from  T  to  S. 


The  green  tint  shows  what  was  acquired  from  Great  Britain ;  the  iromn 
from  Fnnce ;  the  rei/,  from  Spain  ;  and  Ibcyti/ota,  from  Mexico. 


102 


MONTEITHS    COMPREHENSIVE     GEOGRAPHY. 


HEIGHTS   OP    MOUNTAINS. 


Mountains* 


Mt.  Ercrosl 


ASIA. 

E 
Situation. 
( In  the  Hlmalayn  Cfutln,  Ou  highett  I 

■  )     point  on  Ihf  glfthf ) 

..  in  t/u  Oimalas/a  CuHn 


levation 
n  feet. 

89.000 

28.000 
23.a» 
20,S30 
W.OOO 
18,000 

n.aio 

15,703 
14,700 
13,000 
12,000 
12.000 
10,300 
10,000 
10,000 
7,497 


Ml.  Eanchinglnn... . 

Ml  I)hau-ala.g<rl  "  "'  

Ml.  I'houmalaiic "  "  "     

Ml  Hindoo  Koh Hindoo  Coorh  MU 

Thiau-Slmn  Mts CMnttt  Emiitre 

Kuen-Lua  Mw North  (^  Thibit 16,000  to 

Ml.  Ararat 

Ml.  KliuUhewnkuJa Kamttchatka 

Ml  DemaTend Elbun  MU..  touth  <if  the  CafpianSta 

Ml.  Arjluh Anti-Taurut  Mtt.,  Alia  Minor 

Soliman  Mta bftween  Bindotlaa  and  AfghanUtan 

Lebanon  Mli» Syria 

Altai  Mis hlghttt 

Taurus  Mts Ughett 

Ml.  Ufrmon hlghett  <ff  Anti-Lebanon  Mtt.,  Syria. 

Ml,  Slnal Arabia 

SOUTH    AMERICA. 

Vol.  Aconcagna east  of  Chill 23,11)7 

Mt  Sahama. touth'partq^ Peru 22.350 

Vol  Oualatieri.. "       "            "    22,000 

Ml   Chimborazo Ecuador 21,421 

Ml   Sorata  ...Bolivia 21,**« 

Ml.  lUimani    " 21.149 

Ml.  l'hiH|iiibamba Peru 21,000 

Vol.  Art'qulpa "   20.320 

Vol.  .\lacama Bolivia 18,000 

Vol.  Anlisana Ecuador 19,132 

Vol  Coiopail "           18,8»7 

Vol.  Tolinia Colombia 18,000 

VoL  Pkhincha Ecuador 15,9»» 

Au.K-sofrhili  ...Mgheit   16,000 

.\ndet4  of  Pala^nia "      8,000 

Cape  Iloru 800 


Bel^l 


htorSnowUoe. in  Colombia 15,800 

••    inBolivia 16,000to  18,000 

"    in  ChUi 8,600 

"        "   in  Patagonia 3,000 


NORTH    AMERICA. 

Vol.  Popocatepetl Mexico 

Ml.  Si   Eliaa Alaska 

Vol.  Orizaba Jfeeioo 

Ml.  Brown  British  America 

Ml.  Hooker "  '"        

Mt.  Whitney California 

Ml   Falrwcatber Alatka 

Plke'K  Peak Colorado 

Mt  Shasta California 

Ml  Tvndall    •'         

Ml    K:uveah "         

Fremont's  Pi'ak X^/oming  Territory 

Ml.  SI.  Helens ^nieAington  Territory... 

Ml.  Dana California 

Ml.Lv.-ll.... "         

Lon^-'s  Peak Colorado 

Ml  Hood Oregon 

Ml.  Linn Califfomia 

Ml  San  Bemardlno " 

Ml.  Baker TVathington  Territory... 

Ml  Ranler "  " 

Ml.  Adams " 

Lanimic  Peak Wyoming  Territory..  . . 

Blue  Mis Jamaica    

Sierra  dpi  Cobro  Cuba— highest 

Miichell's  Peak  North  Carolina 

Ml.  WashiDsion Xete  Bampehire 

Oraefa  .Tokiul Iceland 

Ml.  Bailey  California 

Ml.  Pierce " 

Vol.  Hecla Iceland 

Vol  Souffriere  Guadaloupe 

Ml.  MarcT Xew  Tort 

Ml   Katahdin Maine 

Ml.  Hamilton California 

Ml.  Mansfleld Vermont 

IVaks  of  Oner Virginia 

fiunel's  Hump Vermont 

.Saddleback  Mt M<ane 

Ml.  Di.iblo Cali/omia 

Round  Top Xew  York 

AUeehany  Mt« average 

Wachu-iett  Mt Maseachuiette 

Ili^-hlnnds Xew  Tork 

Pilot  Knob Miseouri 

HU  Tom Mauachxuetta 


.about 


18.600 
18,000 
17,874 
15,900 
15.675 
15,086 
14.900 
11.500 
14,442 
14,386 
14,000 
18,570 
1.3,300 
13,-J27 
13,217 
12,505 
10,000 
10,000 
8,370 


8,000 
7,500 
7,200 
6,707 
6,428 
6,409 
6,357 
6,000 
B,700 
6,550 
B.879 
5.300 
4.450 
4,430 
4.260 
4,188 
4,000 
3.876 
3.801 
2,500 
2.(K0 
1.6»«l 
l.,'XI0 
1,200 


EUROPE. 

Ml.  Elboorz highest  of  CaurnAw 17, 

Mt.  Blanc "     "   .itpn 15, 

Ml.  Uosa "     in  Switzerland 15, 

14 
14, 
14, 
13, 
12, 
11 


Ml.  Cervin between  Sivitzertand  and  Italy, 

Ml.  Pelvoux France 

Finsler  .\arhom Switzerland 

JIi.  Viso between  France  and  Italy 

Orll-;r  Spitz Austria 

Ml.  Mulahacen t*i^in 

Ml  Ocne\-re 11 

The  Simplon between  BwUzerland  and  Italy 11 

Ml.  Cenis France 11 

Maladelta highest  of  Pyrenees 11 

Pi;ik  of  Valelta 11 

Great  St.  Bernard Switzerland 11, 

Canlabrian  Mts Spain— highest 10. 

Mt.  Perdu Pyrenea 10, 


,796 
.810 
,208 
.771 
108 
,026 
■  vio 

:,8ii 
.cm 

614 
,5U 
,460 

16S 

.3><n 

,998 
I.9M 


Elevation 
Mountains.  Situation.  in  feet 

Vol.  Etna fUeUy 10,874 

Ml.  fucclo •'      10,871 

.Ml.  St.  Gothard Sirilzerland 10,B95 

Castile  Ml* «pa)n 10,551 

Mt.  01)inpus Turkey 9,74.1 

Mt.  Kom     "      9,575 

Mt.  Athos Greece 9.688 

PIcdu  Midi Pyrenees 9,540 

PlndusMts 8,960 

Mt.  Lomnilz Austria 8,779 

Monte  Rolondo Coreica 8,763 

Ml  Ouione Greece 8.239 

Ml.  Pjiruassus '*      y.0(i8 

Siandinavian  Mts highest 8.153 

Pass  of  Venasqaez ^renees..'. 7,!'17 

Rhodope  Mis Turkey 7.«X1 

Sierra  d'Esl rella Portugal 7,5»l 

Ml.  (ienargentu Sardinia 7,000 

Jura  Mts France  and  Sicily 6,588 

Ml.  D'Or France 0,ll« 

CcvenncsMts "      B.IW 

Sierra  Morena Spain 6,550 

Ml  Ohdorsk 5,397 

Ki(  hid  lithirco Germany 5,286 

lii.-,n  Gcbirgo "        6,280 

rralMls highest 6,275 

Vos^'es...     Iranee 4,688 

Black  Forest Baden 4,675 

Bohemian  Mta Austria 4.iil3 

ErzOebirge "      4..',90 

BcnNevid  .     Scoaand—hiohest  in  Great  Britain..  4,406 

BenMacDhu " 4,327 

Cairngorm " 4,095 

BenAttow "       4.U00 

Vol.  Vesuvius Italy S.'MH 

Ben  Lawers Scotland 3,'*45 

BrockenMi Harz MU.,  Germany 3.740 

BenWyvis  Scotland 3,720 

SnowdonMu Wales 3,571 

Cam  Tual highest  in  Ireland 8,414 

Sea  Fell...     England 3,092 

HelveUyn  .V "        2'9S5 

Skiddaw "        8,^ 

Moruviaii  Mts Austria 3,006 


SETTLEMENT  OF  STATES. 


Admitted. 

March'  8,' 1845 
26,1788 
28,1788 
6,  1788 
18,1787 
21,1788 


Settled 

New  Mexico 1W9. . 

Florida 1565.. 

Viri,'inia 1007 Juno 

New  York 1614 July 

Ma-sai  liuselts 1020 Feb. 

New  Jersey  ..     -.1620 Dec. 

New  Hampshire. .  .1624 June 

Maine 1030 March  5,  1820 

Conneclicul lO-IS Jan       9,  1788 

Marvland 16:M April  28,  1788 

Rhode  Island 16:*1 May    29,  1790 

Dflnwan^ 1638 Dec. 

Pennsylvania 164,3 Dec. 

Norlh'Caroliiia    ...1650 Nov. 

Wisconsin 1609 Mav 

South  Carolina 1670 May 

Michigan 1070 Jon. 

Illinois !6as Dec. 

Arkansas 1(185 June 


Dec. 

Dec. 

April 

Di'c. 

Dec 


Indiana 1090.. 

Texas 1602.. 

Louisiana 1609.. 

Alabama 1711.. 

Mississippi 1716.. 

Vermont 1725. . 

Georgia 1733.. 

Missouri 1755. . 

Tennessee 1757. . 

California 176.S.. 

Kentucky 1770. . 

Ohio 17S8.. 

(Jre^on 1811.. 

Iowa 1833.. 

Minnesota 1846.. 

Kansas 

West  Virginia 

Nevada 

Nebraska 

Colorado Auj 

Utah 1817 


7,  its: 

12,1787 
21,  1789 
29.  1848 
2:),  17-8 
26,1837 
3,  1813 
15,  1836 
11, 1816 
29,1816 

8,  1812 
14,  1819 
10,  1817 


March  4,1791 


Ian 
..Aug. 
.Juno 
.  Sept. 
.  Jnno 
.Nov. 

Feb. 

Dec. 

May 
■Jan. 


2,  1788 
10,1821 
1,  1796 
9, 18G0 
1,1792 
29,  1802 
14,  1859 

28,  1840 
11.  1858 

29.  1881 
June  20,  1863 
Oct.  31,  1861 
Mar«h  1,  1867 

1,  1878 


neCgbt  of  Snow  Line. 


Mt.  Kenia 

Mt.  Kilimandjaro 

AWia.lnrcd 

Cameroon  Mts 

Peak  of  Teiieriffe,  Vol. 

Ml  Millsin 

RedMie 

Mt.  Spitzkop 


...Sierra Nevada,  Spain 11,200 

.  Caueams  MU ll.ooo 

...meily »,50U 

...Ml.  Olympus 9,000 

...SirigiAlp, 8,900 

. . .  C.  iilral  Italy V 8.400 

..  Pyrenees 8.000 

.. .  Cdrjiaihians  ., 6,000 

. . .  ticandinaiian'MU 5,0(X) 

...Grampians 4,500 

...North  Cape 2,400 

AFRICA. 

...Eastern  Africa 20,000 

"      20.000 

...Abyssinia 15,000 

...Lotcer  Guinea 13,000 

...Canary  Islands 12,l^^^ 

...Morocco 11.400 

...Madagascar 11,000 

Cape  Colony 10,250 


RIVERS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

NORTH    AMERICA. 


Tablu  Jit Cape  cif  Good  Mope 8,672 

OCEANICA. 

Ml.  Ophir Sumatra 1S.M2 

Ml.  Kini  Baiu Borneo 13,6:i8 

\u\.  Mauna  Loa Sandtcich  Islands 13,120 

Ml.  Semero ./oro    13,000 

Mt.  Erebns Victoria  Land 12,400| 

Mt.  Kosciusko Australia 6,500 

Mt.  Humboldt Taetnania 5,680 


NRmni.  L.'nfflh  in  m. 

Missouri,  to  the 
Mississippi.  .3,100 

Missouri,  lo  the 
O.  of  Mexico.. 4,350 

Mississippi   ..  3,160 

Mackenzie's,  fr. 
Shve  Lake...    900 

Mackenzie's,  fr. 
head  of  the 
Athabasca 2,440 

St.  Lawrence, 
fl'om  Lake  On- 
tario     750 

St.  Lawrence, 
flrom  bead  of 
St.  Louis  R. .  .2.200 

Arkansas 2.170 

Rio  Grande....  1,800 

Red .1,500 

Platle,  or  Ne- 
braska  1,500 

Nelson  and  Sas- 
katchawan....  1,600 

Columbia,orOr- 
egon 1,200 


Colorado  (of  the 
West) 1,000 


94S 
900 
800 
600 

600 


Ohio... 
Lewis. orSnuke 

Tennessee 

Cumberland  ... 
AppalacMcola. . 

M<)blle 550 

Susquehannah.  450 

James 450 

Sacramento 420 

Potomac 400 

Savannah 400 

Altamalia    400 

Connecticut 400 

Minnesola 375 

Roanoke 350 

Pedee 850 

Hiuisoi) 32.'! 

Delaware 800 

Penobscot ....  800 

Mohawk 160 

Kennebec 150 

Genesee 145 

Merrimac 110 


HEIGHTS  OF  SOME  INHABITED  SITES. 


Names.  Situation. 

Rnnechnasl Peru 

Tarcora Vitlagein  Peru 

Antisana Shepherds'  hulji,  Ecuador 

PotosI City  in  Bolivia 

Puno CityinPeru 

Cuzco Bofiria 

Leh City  in  Thibet 

Quito Ecuador 

Sliermau hiahest  point  on  Pacific  B.  B 

Hospice  ofGt.  St.  Bernard.. .4n» 

Areqnlpa CUy  in  Peru 

Mexico aty 

Cabul Afghanistan 

Ispahan Persia 

Jerusalem Palestine 

Madrid ^pain 

Munich Bavaria 

Geneva Switzerland 


Feet 
sea 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


above 
level. 
15.640 
1.3.690 

13,3.30 
12.870 
11,380 
9,!I9.5 
9,543 
8,212 

7.»M 

t.KA 

7,-l00 

6,.360 

4,140 

8.200 

1.995 

1,764  1 

1,230. 


DISTANCES   AT  WHICH   MOUNTAINS 

HAVE   BEEN   SEEN.  i 

Mountains.  Miles.  { 

Himalava  Mts 244 

Ml.  Araral ^V) 

Ml.  Chimborazo 160 

Peak  of  Teneriffe 1-35 

Ht.  Atboe,  Greece 100, 


.\mazon 4,000 

I.!i   Plata,  from 
the  head  of  the 

Parana 2.250 

Madeira. 1,800 

Paraguay 1,600 

EUROPE. 

Vol;.-!! -^nOO 

Danube 1,725 

Dnieper 1,230 

Don  995 

Rhine 900 

Pelchora 900 

Ural 810 

Tagus 630 

Rhone MS 

Loire 580 


ASIA. 

Tan2t8cKiang.2,.500 

Lena 3,400 

Yenisei 2,300 

.\moor 2.200 

Dili 2.000 

Hoang  Ho J.OOO 

Cambodia 2,n00 

Irtysh 1  700 


AFRICA. 


Orinoco 1,590 

Si.  Frarr|»co..l,!!60 

Tocaniiii- 1.100 

Araguay 1,000 

Pnrus 900 

Magdalcmi  ....    800 

TENNESSEE. 


I'W>. 


'•enle'i  on  th" 
Dombert. 


Nile 

Niger  . . . . 
Zamlwze  . 


.4,000 
.2.700 
..1,150 


map  Dy 

1  Troy. 

2  Dyersbnrg. 

3  Paris. 

4  Huntingdon. 

5  Dover. 

6  Waverly. 

7  Ashland. 

8  Smllhville. 

9  LivingsioD. 

10  JaiTieslown. 

11  Hunl>ville. 

12  Ma\-nnrdsville. 

13  Tazewell. 

1 1  Rogersville. 
1.".  Tnylorsville. 

16  Elizabelhtown. 

17  Kiligslon. 

18  Madisonville. 
10  .\lhens. 

20  Dccalur. 

21  Dunlnp. 

22  McMinnville. 

23  Manchester. 

24  Wn\-nesboro. 

25  DecalurviUe. 

26  Savannah. 

27  Purdy. 
58  Bolivar. 


MONTEITH'S    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


103 


CaMES  of  iSlTIES  AND  f OWNS  REPRESENTED  ON  THE  |IaPS  BY  NUMBERS. 


AlABAUA. 
1  Tascnmbia. 

■J  RussellvUle. 

3  MouJton. 

4  Bellefonte. 

5  Lebanon. 

6  BloonUviile. 
1  Center. 

8  Jackson  rille. 

9  Ashville. 

10  Jasper. 

11  Pikevilte. 
13  FavettevUle. 

13  Ashland. 

14  W'edowee. 
l.'>  Uockford. 
Ifi  Marion. 

17  Linden. 

18  Crawford. 

19  Butler. 

20  Grove  Hill. 

21  St.  Stephens. 

22  Monroevilie. 

23  Troy. 

'<4  Rutledge. 
•,5  Ozark. 
3U  Elba. 
27  .Newton. 
2-4  .\nda)n8ia. 
2 1  Sparta. 

ASK&NS&S. 

I  IJeiiionWUe. 
a  Carrollton. 

3  Jasper. 

4  Lebanon. 

5  Slierman. 

6  Pilot  Hill. 

7  Smithville. 

8  Mt.  Olive. 

9  Gainesville. 

10  Osceola. 

11  Joneriboro. 
13  Harrisburtr. 

13  liatesville. 

14  Jack-»onport 

15  Clinton. 
10  Ozark. 

17  ClarksviUe. 

18  Dover. 

la  Lewisbnrg. 

20  .lugusta. 

21  Marion. 

22  Ml  Vernon. 
'.(3  Clarendon. 
21  De  Witt. 

i5  Brownsville. 

26  PerryvUle. 

27  Danville. 

23  Lit.  Ida. 
29  Djilas. 
311  Benton. 
31  Rockport. 
.33  Princeton. 

.3.3  .\rkansas  Post 
:i4  Napoleon. 
33  Monticelhj. 
3lj  Lake  Villaj^. 
37  Hamburg. 
.38  Hampton. 

39  El  Dorado. 

40  Calhoun. 

41  Lew'-^ville. 
43  Washington. 
4J  Locksburg. 

CONN. 

1  SiillieUl. 

2  Vernon. 

3  Colchester. 

4  Windham. 

5  Putnam. 

6  Woodstock. 

7  Derby. 

8  Branford. 
9Qniirord. 

CALIFOENIA. 

1  Santa  Ciuz. 

2  Euruka. 

3  Napa  City. 

4  Gilroy. 

.5  Brooklyn. 

6  Placcrv  Ule. 

7  Oroville. 

8  Sonora. 

9  WatsonviUe. 

10  Columbia. 

II  Monterey. 

12  San  Pablo. 

13  Yreka  City. 

14  Column. 

15  Orleans  Bar. 
Ifi  Weaverville. 

17  Shasta  City. 

18  SnsanviUe. 
11)  Quincv. 

20  Ri'd  Blutr. 

21  Downi.'ville. 

22  Laktport. 
2:)  Mariposa. 


■  24  Snelling. 
I  25  Millerton. 

26KevsviUe. 

27  HaVilah. 

I       BAXOTA. 
,    1  Medary. 

2  Maxwell. 

3  Sivan  Lake, 

4  Sioux  FaUs. 

5  Bon  Homme. 

0  Vermilion. 
7  Elk  River. 

FIOBISA. 

1  Uchee  .\nna. 

2  Cerro  Gordo. 

3  Holmes  Valley. 

4  Marianna. 

0  Newport. 

tl  Newnansville. 

7  Wacasassa. 

8  .\damsville. 

9  Ba>'port. 

10  Enterprise. 

11  Tampa. 

12  Manatee. 

13  Si.  Lncie. 

14  Key  Biscayne. 

GEORGIA. 

1  Trenton. 
3  Ringgold. 

3  La  F.iyette. 

4  Summerville. 

5  Moreanton. 

6  Blairsville. 

7  Dahlonega. 

8  Clarksvirie. 

9  Caraesville. 
10  Gainesville. 

n  Lawrenceville. 
13  Jefferson. 

13  Elberton. 

14  Lincolnton. 

15  Lexintrton. 

16  Washington. 

17  Watkinsville. 
13  Monroe. 

19  Tallapoosa. 

20  Camphellton. 

21  Carrollton. 
23  Franklin. 

23  McDonongh. 

24  Covinirton 

25  Greensboro. 
3^j  Warrenton. 
27  Eatonton. 
3H  Jackson. 

29  Thomaston. 

30  Hamilton. 

31  Talbotton. 
3i  Sandersville. 
;ij  Louisville. 
34  Waynesboro. 
.35  Sylvania. 

:W  Statesboro. 
37  Reidsville. 
.38  Mt.  Vernon. 

39  Uawkinsvilje. 

40  Jacksonville 

41  Holiues^ille. 
43  Irwinville. 

43  Bi-nnswick. 

44  Waresborn. 
4'>  Magnolia. 

46  Nashville. 

47  Troupville. 

48  Moultrie. 

49  .Mbanv. 

50  Camilla. 

51  Bainbridgc. 
.2  Colquit. 

53  Blakely. 
W  Cedartown. 
ILLINOIS, 

1  Belvidere. 

3  Woodstock. 

3  Mt.  Carroll. 

4  Oregon. 

5  Sycamore. 

6  Geneva. 

7  Napierville. 

8  YorkviU,.. 

9  Morris. 

10  Keithsburg. 

11  Oqiiawka. 
13  KnoxviUe. 

13  Toulon. 

14  Hennepin. 

15  Lacon. 

Hi  Metamora. 
ir  Pomiac, 
1-f  Carthage 
r.l  Macoml). 
3.1  Lewistou. 
21  Havana. 
33  Lincoln. 
33  Clinton. 

24  MonticeUo. 

25  Paxton. 


26  Mt.  Sterling. 

27  Rushvillc 

2x  B.-ardstown. 

29  Petersburg. 

30  Pittsfleld. 

31  Winchester. 
S3  Taylcrsville. 
3:)  Sullivan. 

34  Tuscola. 

35  Carrollton 
30  Hardin. 

37  JerseyvUle. 

38  Hillsboro, 
:j9  Windsor, 

40  Greenup, 

41  Marshall. 

42  Edwardsville, 

43  Greenville. 

44  Vandalia. 

45  Effingham. 

46  Newton. 

47  Robinson. 

48  Carlyle, 

49  Salem. 

50  Lewisville. 

51  Waterloo. 
53  Nashville. 
53  Mt.  Vernon. 
51  Fairfield. 

.")  .\Ibion. 
.50  Mi.  Carmel. 
57  Chester, 
38  Pinkney^ille, 

59  Benton. 

60  McLeaneboro. 

61  Murphysboro. 

62  Marion. 

63  Harrisbnrg. 

64  Jonesboro. 

65  Vienna. 

66  Golconda. 

67  Elizabeth. 
6S  Thebes. 

69  Caledonia. 

70  Metropolis. 

INDIANA. 

1  Crown  Point. 

2  Valparaiso. 

3  La  Grange. 

4  .-Vngola. 

5  Knox. 

6  Plyiaouth. 

7  V.'arsaw. 

8  Albion. 

9  ..Vubum. 

10  lienssclaer, 

11  Winamac. 
13  Rochester. 

13  Columbia. 

14  Kent. 

15  MonticeUo. 

16  Wabash. 

17  Huntington. 

18  Bluffton. 
I'j  Decatur. 

20  Oxford. 

21  Delphi 

23  Kokoma, 
'£i  Jlariou, 

24  Hartford, 

25  Portland. 

26  Williamsport. 

27  Covington. 
2S  Franklbrt. 

29  Tipton. 

30  .-Vuderson. 

31  Wincheeter. 

33  Lebanon. 
a3  Newcastle. 

34  .Vewport. 
.■J5  Danvillt" 
3li  Grecnflold. 

37  Centreville. 

38  Rockville, 

39  BowlingGreen 

40  Snencer. 

41  Martinsville. 
43  Franklin. 

43  Shelbvville, 

44  Rushville, 

45  Connorsville. 

46  Liberty. 

47  Sullivan. 

48  Bloomfleld, 

49  Blooroington. 

50  Nashville 

51  Grecnsbnrg, 
63  Brookville. 
53  Washington, 

I  54  Dover  Ilill. 
[  55  Bedford. 
j  56  Brownstown, 
I  57  Vernon. 

58  Versiiilles. 

59  Princeton. 

60  Petersburg. 

61  .Jasper. 

63  I^oli. 
6.3  Salem. 

64  Lexington. 

65  Vevay. 


66  Rising  San. 

67  Mt.  \'emon. 
&S  Booneville. 

69  Rockport. 

70  Rome. 

71  Fredonia. 
73  Corj'don. 
73  Charleston. 

IOWA. 

1  EstheniUe. 

2  Forest  City. 

3  Mitchell. 

4  Cresco, 

5  Waterman. 

6  Emmettsburg 
''i  Ljiper  Grove. 

8  Mason  City. 

9  Charles  City. 

10  Bradford. 

11  West  Union. 
13  El  Kader. 

13  Spencer. 

14  Rolfe. 

15  Dakota. 

16  Ontario. 

17  Hampton. 

18  ClarksvUle. 

19  Melbourne. 

20  Ida. 

21  Sac  City. 

22  Lake  City. 
2:3  Webster. 
21  Eldora. 

25  Grundy 

26  Delhi. 

27  Carrollton. 

28  Jefferson. 

29  Boonesboro. 

30  Nevada. 

31  Toledo. 

32  Vmton. 

33  Marion. 
31  Bellevue. 

35  Ma^olia. 
30  Harlan. 
37  Exira. 

as  Panora. 

39  .\del. 

40  Newton. 

41  Montezuma. 

42  Marengo. 

43  Tipton. 
•44  Lewis. 

45  Fontanelle. 

46  Winterset. 

47  ludianola. 

48  Pclla. 

49  sigoumey. 
60  Red  Oak. 

51  Qumcy. 

52  Afton. 
5.3  Osceola. 
.M  Alhia. 

55  Fairfield. 
.56  Wapello. 

57  Sidney. 

58  Clarinda. 

59  Bedford. 

60  Mt.  Ayr. 

61  Leon. 

62  Corvdon. 

63  Centreville. 

64  Bloomflnld. 

65  Keosauque. 

KANSAS, 

1  Kirwin, 

2  Gaylord, 

3  BeUevillo. 

4  Washington. 

5  Marysville. 

6  Seneca. 

7  Hiawatha. 

8  Troy. 

9  Bcloit. 

10  Clay  Centre. 

11  Louisville. 
13  Holton. 

13  Manhattan. 

14  Oskaloosa, 

15  Hays. 
10  Russell. 

17  Salina. 

18  Abilene. 

19  .\Uua. 

20  Burlingame. 

21  Marion. 

22  CottonwdF'ls 
■33  Mound  City. 

24  Eldorado. 

25  Eureka. 

36  Sumner. 

27  Winfleld. 

28  Fredonia. 

29  Girard. 

30  Peru. 

31  Independence. 

KENTTTCKY. 
1  Burlington. 


3 Independence. 

3  Alexandria, 

4  Warsaw, 

5  Williamstown 

6  Falmouth. 

7  Washington. 

8  C  larksburg. 

9  Greenupsb"g. 

10  Bedford. 

11  Carrollton. 

12  Owenton. 

13  Cynthiana. 

14  Carlisle. 

15  Flemingsborg 
10  Morehead. 

17  Grayson. 

18  Catlettsburg. 

19  Taylorsville. 

30  La\vrenceburg 

31  (ieorgetown. 

32  Wincnester. 

33  Mt.  Sterling. 

24  Owingsville. 

25  West  Liberty. 

26  Lonisa. 

27  Hardinsbnrg. 

28  Bardstown. 
j  29  Springfield. 

30  Harrodsburg. 

31  Nichohisville. 

32  Richmond. 

33  Irvine. 

ai  Salversville. 

35  Paintville. 

36  Morganfield. 

37  Dixon. 

38  Calhoun. 

39  Hartford. 

40  Litchfield. 

41  Ilodginville. 

42  Lebanon. 

43  Stanford. 

44  Lancaster. 

45  McKee. 

46  Booneville. 

47  Jackson. 

48  Prestonburg. 

49  Piketon. 

50  Blandville. 

51  Smithland. 

52  Mari3n. 

53  EddyvUle. 

54  Princeton. 

55  Madisonville. 

56  Green\  ille. 

57  Morgantowa. 

58  Brownsville. 

59  Mnnf 'dsville. 

60  Greensbnri:. 

61  Liberty. 

63  Mt.  Vernon. 

63  London. 

64  Manchester. 

65  Hazard. 

06  Whitesbnrg. 

67  Clinton. 

68  Ma\-field. 

69  Murray. 

70  Cadiz. 

71  Elkton. 
73  Franklin. 
7:3Scottsville. 
74Tompkins\'le. 
7.")  Glasgow. 

76  Bnrkesville. 

77  Columbia. 
7S  Jamestown. 

79  .\lbany. 

80  MonticeUo. 

81  Somerset. 

8  J  Williamsburg. 

'  8.3  Barboursville. 

M  Mt.  Pleasant. 

LOinSIANA, 

1  Belleview. 

2  Homer. 

3  FarmersviUe. 

4  Bastrop. 

5  Providence. 

6  Richmond. 

7  Winnsboro'. 

8  Columbii. 
j    9  Vernon. 

,  10  Winfleld. 
1  11  Mansfield. 
■  13  Grand  Cane. 

13  Manny. 

14  Harrisonburg. 

15  St.  Joseph. 

16  Vidalia 

17  .\lexandria. 
IS  Marksrille 

19  Poiat  Couiiee. 

20  W.TOtoii  R'ge 
31  Lake  Charles. 
22  Houma. 

2:J  Covington. 
24  Fraiik^inton. 
3.">  Greensburg. 
■3ij  Clinton 
I  27  St.Franci8T'le 


HAIHZ. 

1  Machias. 
3  Princeton. 

3  Matlawamk'g. 

4  Steuben. 

5  Enfield./ 

6  Dover. 

7  Frankfort. 

8  Liucolnville. 

9  Bloomfield. 

10  Newport. 

11  Readfleld. 

12  Jay. 

13  Bethel. 

14  Paris. 

MAEYLAND. 

1  Westminster. 

2  Elkton. 

3  Chestertown. 

4  Rockville. 

5  Pr.  Fred'kton. 

6  Port  ''"obacco. 

7  Cambndge. 

8  Leonardtown . 

MASS. 

1  Brockton. 

2  Chicopee. 

3  Milford. 

4  Weymouth. 

5  Attleboro'. 

6  Wobum. 

7  Westfleld. 

MICHIGAN. 

1  Houghton. 

2  rroseville. 

3  .-Vlpena. 

4  Sherman. 

5  Midland. 

6  Vassar. 

7  Lexington. 

8  St.  John. 

9  Corunna. 

10  Allegan. 

11  Hastings. 

12  Charlotte. 

13  Mason. 

14  Howell. 

15  Pawpaw. 

16  Berrien. 

17  Cassopolis. 

18  Centri-ville. 

MINNESOTA. 

1  OttertailCity. 

2  Long  Prairie. 

3  Little  FaUs 

4  Hanover. 

5  Brunswick. 

6  Forttma. 

7  Twin  Lakes. 

8  .Mexandria. 

9  Winthrop. 

10  Sauk  Centre. 

11  Watab. 

12  Cambridge. 

13  Chengsvatana. 

14  Harrison. 

15  Forest  City. 

16  MonticeUo. 

17  Orono. 

18  Taylor's  FaUs. 

19  tilencoe, 

30  Chaska. 

21  Beaver. 

22  New  nm. 
2  i  Le  Sueur. 
24  Watonwan. 
33  Madelia. 

26  Wilton. 

37  MantorvUle. 

38  Gretchtown. 

39  -tackson. 
."10  Fairmount. 

31  .\lbert  Lea, 

32  Caledonia. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

1  Hernando. 

2  .\ustin. 

3  Ripley. 

4  Fulton. 

5  Pontotoc. 

6  CoflfeeviUe. 

7  Charleston. 

8  Friar's  Point. 

9  Bolivar. 

10  McNutt. 
n  Carrollton. 
13  t'ire'^nsboro'. 

13  Starkville. 

14  Kosciusko. 

15  l.exinuton. 

16  Macon. 

17  De  Kalh. 

18  Philadelphia. 

19  Yazoo  City. 

20  Brandon. 


I  21  Raleigh. 
I  22  Paulding. 
I  23  Quitman. 

24  Winchester. 
•.!5  EUi>ville. 

,  26  WUIiameburg 
I  27  Gallatin. 

28  Port  Gibson. 

29  WoodviUe. 
3)  Liberty. 

31  Hohnesville. 

32  An^sta. 
83  Leaks^-ille. 

34  Mississip'iCy. 

MISSOUBI. 

1  Rockport. 

2  Maryville. 

3  Grant  City. 

4  Albany. 

5  Bethany. 

6  Princeton. 

7  L'nionville. 
>^  Lancaster. 
9  Memphis. 

In  Waterloo. 
11  MaysviUe. 

13  Trenton. 
ISMUan, 

14  KirksviUe. 

15  Edina. 

16  MonticeUo. 

17  Kingston. 

18  Linhens. 

19  Bloomiugton. 

20  ShelbyviUe. 

21  Palmyra. 

22  CarroUtou. 

23  Hnntfrille. 
!M  Paris. 

25  New  London. 
2ti  BowlingGreen 

27  Marshall 

28  Favette. 

29  Columbia. 

30  Fnlton. 

31  DaiivtUe. 
:J2  Warrenton. 
.«  Troy. 

S4  HarrisonviUc. 
;J5  Warsaw. 

36  VersaiUes. 

37  Tuscumbia. 

38  Union. 

3!i  Hillsboro. 

40  Osceola. 

41  Hermitage. 

43  Lmn  Creek. 
4:i  Rolla. 

44  StcelviUe. 

45  Farmington. 
41)  St.  Genevieve. 

47  PerryviUe. 

48  Lamar. 

49  Stockton. 
.V)  Bolivar. 
51  Bufliilo. 

.53  \Vavi;esvilIe. 
S3  Salem. 
!A  I./esterviHe, 
5'>  Frederickto'n. 
.56  Jackson. 

57  t  arthage. 

58  Mt.  Vernon. 
Sit  Ozark. 

60  Marshfleld. 

61  Uartville. 

62  Houston. 

63  Eminence. 
61  Greenville. 
t»  Benton. 

66  PineviUe. 

67  Cassville. 

68  Galena. 

69  Forsvth 

70  Vera  Cruz., 

71  CtoinesviUe. 
73  West  Plains. 

73  Tnmasville.      • 

74  Poplar  Blttfl'.  *l 

75  Bloomfield. 

76  Charleston. 

77  New  Madrid. 

NEBBASKA. 

1  St.  James. 

2  Ponca. 

3  .\ntelope. 

4  Pierce. 

5  La  Porte. 

6  Clinton. 

7  West  Point. 
8Tekatna. 

9  Schnyler 

10  Savannah. 

11  Osceola. 

12  Ashland. 

13  Bellevue. 
11  OrrviUe. 

15  York. 

16  Henry. 

17  Pleaaant  HUL 


18  Hebron. 

19  Tecnmseb. 

20  Pawnee  City. 

NEVADA. 

1  SliUwater. 

2  La  Plata. 

3  .Aurora. 

4  Hiko 

5  Humboldt. 

6  B<-lmont, 

NEWHAMP. 

1  Gorbam. 

2  Milford. 

3  Conway. 

4  Monlto'riboro'. 

5  Orford. 

6  Wilton. 

7  Franklin. 

8  Farmington. 

9  Amherst. 

NEW  JEBSET. 

1  Newton. 

2  Somervllle. 

3  Flemington. 

4  Freehold. 

5  Mt.  Holly. 

6  Tom's  River. 

7  Woodbnrv. 

8  Belvidere' 

9  Salem. 

NEW  YOBK, 

1  Malone, 

2  MayviUe, 

3  Little  VaUey, 

4  Warsaw, 

5  Sandy  HiU 

6  MonticeUo. 

7  Goshen. 

8  Clarkstown. 

9  Tarrytown. 

N.  CABOLINA. 

'1  .Ii  fferson. 
3  B<Mme. 

3  Wilkesboro*. 

4  Danbury. 

5  Winston. 

t;  Wentworth. 

7  YanceyriUe. 

8  Graham. 

9  Hillsboro'. 

10  Roxboro'. 

11  Louisburg. 

12  Warrenton. 

13  Halifiiii. 

14  Winton. 

15  GatesviUe. 

16  EUzabeth  City 

17  WiUiatnston. 

18  Hertford. 

19  Green-iiUe. 

20  Onslow. 

21  KenansTiUe. 

22  Clinton. 
2:j  Smithrille. 
24  WhitesviUe. 
'25  Lumberton. 
'36  Rockingham. 
■,7  Carrbaire. 

28  Pittsboro'. 

29  Ashboro'. 

30  Trov . 

31  Wadesboro" 
.32  Monroe. 

:33  Lexington. 

34  Concord. 

35  Mock-viUe. 

36  Taylorsville. 

37  Newton. 

:is  Lircolnton. 

39  Dallas. 

411  Shelbv. 

41  Ruihcrfordton 

43  Ctilunibus. 
4'i  Wa\TiesviUc. 

44  Franklin. 

45  .Murphy. 

46  Weldon. 

OHIO. 

1  Brvan. 

2Wanseon. 

•Perrysharg. 

4  Clinton. 

5  Bellevue. 
6EI:rri8. 

7  PainesvlUe. 

8  Chardon. 

9  Jefl'erson. 

10  Defiance. 

11  Napoleon. 

12  Panlding. 

13  K  lida. 

14  Tp. Sandusky. 

15  Bncvms. 

16  Ashland. 
IT  Medina. 


1 18  Rarenca. 

19  Warren. 
I  20  Canfleld. 
,  21  Van  Wert. 
'  22  Celina. 

2:)  Wapakoneta. 

24  Keuirm. 
1 25  Marion. 

26  Mu  Oilead. 

27  Mt.  Vernon. 

28  WwBter. 

39  Mill  rsbnrg. 
:iO  New  Phila. 
ftl  CarrollUju. 
32  New  Lisbon. 

'  83  Sidney. 
34BeUetontaine. 
35  GreenviUe. 
38  Troy. 
87  MaiTsvUle. 
38  Coshocton, 
:.9  (adia. 

40  Eaton. 

41  Lonilon. 
4'2  Lancaster. 

43  Somerset 

44  Cambridge. 
i  45  St.  Cliiir*ville. 

46  Lebanon. 

47  Wilmington. 

48  Wa..hington. 

49  Lo.  an. 
I  50  MrConnellsv. 

51  Sarahsville. 
'  32  Woodfleld. 
5.3  McAnhnr, 
54  .\thens. 
.55  Batavia. 

56  Georgetown. 

57  WesiUnion. 

58  P  ketoD. 

59  Jackson. 
6u  GaUipolis. 

OBEGON. 

1  Forest  Grove. 

2  East  Portland. 

3  Jacksonville. 

4  .\storia. 

5  Ranier. 

'  PENNSYLTA. 
j    1  Mercer. 
I    2Bntlcr. 

3  BrookvOIe. 

4  Emporinm. 

5  Coudersport. 

6  Sunburv. 

7  Milford: 

8  Dovlestown. 

9  Lebanon. 
1 1  McCoi.'ellsb'g 

11  Ebensbnrg.       i 

12  Indiana.  | 

13  Kittanning. 

14  Somerset. 
ISCniontown.      i 
16  Waynesburg.    j 

.  17  Lewisbnrg.       I 

S  CABOLINA. 

1  .Anderson.         ' 
3  Spartanburg. 

3  YiirkvUle 

4  LaurensviUe. 

5  Vnii'iiville. 

6  Cbesterville. 

7  Lancaster. 

8  Chesterfield. 

9  Marion. 

10  Camden. 

11  Edgefield. 
13  Orangeburg.     I 

13  Kingstre.-.         ' 

14  BamweU.  j 

15  Walterboro'.     | 

j  TENN.  (p.ins'.  I 

TEXAS         j 

1  Bonbam.  1 

2  I*aris.  I 

3  Ml.  Pleasant 

4  Henderson. 

5  Jasper. 

6  Fort  Duncan. 

7  San  Patricio. 

8  Corvalilas. 

9  RioGrandeCy. 

UTAH. 

1  Willard  City.    , 

2  Promontory. 

3  Harmonv.         | 

4  rintah. 
5Iehi. 

VEEMONT. 

1  Newport. 

2  Irasburg. 

3  Hyde  Park. 


4Cbelaea. 

5  FayetteviUe. 

6  Sliaftesbary. 

TIBGIHIA. 

1  Woodstock. 
i  Front  Royal. 

8  Warrenton. 
4  Washington. 
6  Luray. 

6  Culpeper. 

7  Madison. 

9  SianardbviUe. 
9  Spotsylvania. 

10  Monterey. 

11  Bowl'g  Green. 

12  Louisa. 

13  Tappahan'ock 

14  H  •  .lover. 
ISHeaths^-iUe. 

16  Lancaster. 

17  Salnda. 

18  Smiihfield. 

19  Suny. 
90  Prince  George 

21  Suffolk. 

22  Jemsalem. 

23  Sussex. 

24  Goochland. 

25  Powhatan. 

26  .\melia. 

27  Nottoway. 

28  Lunenburg. 

29  Boydlon. 
811  Charlotte. 

31  Ap'mat'x  C.H 

32  Lovingston. 

33  -Amherst. 

34  CampbeH. 

35  Chatham. 
36MariiusviUe. 
87  Rockv  Monnu 
»*  Finca'stle. 
.39  Newcastle. 
4f)  Cbrisliansb'g. 
41  Peariaborg. 
43  Patrick 

43  HillsviUe. 

44  Bland. 
43  Marion. 
4<i  Buchanan. 

47  GIfldesville. 

48  EstUhille. 

WASH.  lEB. 

1  Montes^ino. 

2  OrstervUle. 

3  Port  Madison. 

4  Cathlaniet. 

6  SnohomishCr. 

W.  VIBGINIA. 

1  St.  Mary's. 
3  Clarksburg. 

3  New  Creek. 

4  Bath. 

5  Romney. 

0  Grant. 

7  Moorefield. 
R  Franklin 
9  St.  George. 

in  Ilarrisville. 

11  GranlsviUe. 

12  Sfiencer. 

13  .lackson. 

14  Clay. 
13  Hamlin, 
in  Wavne. 
17  BallardsviUe. 
l!-  PerrysviUe. 

WISCONSIN. 

1  Grantsburg. 

2  Sl.Croix  FaUs. 

3  Prescott. 

4  Menomonee. 

5  Neillsrille. 

6  Wausan. 
I    7  Smrgcon  Bav. 
I    8  Pepin. 
I    9  Fountain  City. 

10  <;ales\-ille. 

11  Black  R-FaUs 
13  Grand  Rapids 

13  Plover. 

14  Mnkwa. 

15  Kewaunee. 

16  Viroqua. 

17  New  Lisbon. 

18  Ft,  .\tkinson. 

19  Montello. 
I  90  Wantoma. 

21  Chilton. 
23  Richland. 
!  23  Haraboo. 
*34  Juneau. 
85  West  Bend. 

26  Ozaukee. 

27  Lancaster. 

28  Jeflierson. 

lao.    Ui 


t04 


MONTEITHS    COMPREHENSIVE    GEOGRAPHY. 


CHi^RT  SHOWING  Tl^E  COMP^^RATIVE  ARE^S  OF  STATES,  COUNTRIES,  Etc. 


Tkt  C<fumtriet  and  hiMmdj  kart  ^rtaj  rijual.t^'    ntarlr   tquat^to  tkate  of  ikt  States  I'm   -.I'hick   tkeir   namts  appear        Fflr  rx  am  file,  the  area  e/   Jt*wa  u  a^out  the  fame  at   that  .y* 

Emfimmei. 
Tkt  fifrtiam  n/  tk*  mff  mkUk  it  eottrtd ytWrm  nfiratnU  Ike  area  o/  Araiia  :  IkeU  ctiartd  red^  Hindoastein  :  gretn,  I'rrsia. 


What  thrpo  countries  in  Asia  taken  together  cover  an  area  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  the  l'nitc<l  States,  without  Alaska? 

How  nuuiy  States  together  comprise  aa  area  equal  to  that  of  Arabia? 
An*.  .SI. 

WTiat  Sutes  are  included  in  this  area  ?  Ant.  AU  Otou  betteeen  the  At- 
leintie  OfMn  and  the  Muaittippi  IHcer,  bendet  the  five  StaUe  iMeh  are  tUuated 
on  ttie  itett  nidf  of  that  riter.  I 

\\'hat  Stat^  is  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  repion  which  is  here  com- 
pared with  .\rabia  ?     In  the  south-western  part  f     North-western  ?     South-  i 
eastern  part  ?  ^  | 

What  rivers  flow  through  that  part  of  the  United  States T 

What  States  and  Territories  together  comprise  an  area  equal  to  that  of 
Hindoostan  ?  "•• 

\\'hat  mountains  extend  through  that  part  ol^he  Tnited  States  ? 

\Vhat  are  included  in  the  region  whose  area  is  equal  to  that  of  Persia? 

Bound  that  part  of  the  United  States  whioHias  the  same  area  as  Arabia. 
Persia.     Hindoostan. 

\Vhich  is  the  largest  State  in  the  Union? 

What  country  in  Europe  has  about  the  same  area  as  California  ?  Ken- 
tucky!    Maine?     Iowa?     Indiana? 

\A'hat  country  is  the  same  size  as  Xew  Ilanpshiro  and  Venannt  combined? 
What  country  is  but  little  larger  than  (Jeorgia  and  Florida  combined  I 

\\  hat  country  in  South  America  is  nearly  a.s  large  as  Nebraska  ? 

What  empire  has  an  area  nearly  equal  to  that  of  Oregon  and  Washingtol^ 
combined  ? 

What  islands  comprise  an  area  equal  to  that  of  Idaho  ?    Of  New  Meiicol 

What  island  has  an  area  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  the  State  of  New  York? 
Ohio?  .\labama?  North  Carolina ?  Dakota?  Tennessee?  South  Carolina? 
Utah?    Texas?  I 


What  six  States  have  the  same  area  as  Missouri  t 

What  country  in  Asia  contains   the   same   number  of   square    miles   as 
Kansas  ? 

\Vliat  country  in  Asia  is  the  same  size  as  Arizona  ? 
What  State  or  what  Territory  has  an  area  equal  to  that  of 


Great  Britain? 
Spain? 
Portugal  ? 
The  British  Isles  ? 
England  ? 


Scotland  ? 
Ireland  ? 
Iceland  ? 
Birmah? 
Ilayti  ? 


Corea? 
Paraguay  ? 
Terra  del  Fuego? 
Sumatra  ? 
Java? 


What  part  of  the   Tnitcd   States  has  the  same  area  as  Italy  ? 
Japan  Empire  ?    Borneo  ? 


Saghalien  7 

The  Eastern  or  New 

England  States? 
West  Indies  ? 
Cuba? 

Greece? 


AREAS    IN    SQUARE    MILES. 


Hatne 

Sq.  mllM. 

.  as.ooo 

.  Sl.SM 

Temieeaee 

Cuba 

Sq.  Bile 

.     45.000 
4S,800 

■«.  BUM. 

MiMoarl     (S.O0O 

ScoUaad 

Eastern  SUtea 68,000 

VennoDt  t  N.  Hamp. 
Oreece  A  Ionian  U. . 

.  19,000 
19.000 

N.Carolina 

Java. 

.     SttTtM 
.    -61.000 

California 180.000 

Spain 195.000 

Ohio 

Ireland 

39.984 
.  35.000 

S.  CaroUoa  

Liberia 

34.000 
1S.00O 

MonUna. 14.3.000 

PruBfia 135,000 

Indiana. 

Ireland .  ^. . 

RnjrUnd 

Iowa 

.  SSJOO 
.  »,SIO 

.  E0,4a 
.  86,000 

.  37.680 
36.000 

Oeonria  A  Florida. 
Italy. 

Texas 

Borneo 

New  Mexico 

BriUshlxlea 

109.000 
.  114,000 

974.000 
284.000 

.  121.000 
.  123.000 

Hindoostan 1,500,000 

Arabia 1.000.000 

Persia POO.OOO 

Hind..Ara  A  Persia. 3.000.000 
Aantralia.                 3.000.000 

Kentncky. 

I'nited  Sutes.  with- 

PortngaT 

oat  Alaska 3.000,000 

GEOGRAPHY  OF  WISCO^SIK 


A  PRELIMESTARY  CHAPTER. 


A  State  is  a  political  division,  having  an  organized  government  of  its 
own,  and  having  jurisdiction  over  a  definitely  prescribed  territory  or  tract  of 
country.  The  name  of  the  State  is  also  applied  to  the  country  possessed 
by  it. 

A  County  is  a  subdivision  of  a  State  for  purposes  of  local  government. 

A  Tovwn  is  a  sub-division  of  a  county  for  purposes  of  local  government. 

A  Congressional  Township  is  a  tract  of  country  six  miles  square,  accord- 
ing to  Government  survey. 

Each  township  is  subdivided  into  36  sections,  these  being  numbered  accord- 
ing to  a  definite  system  shown  in  the  diagram.     A  section  is  a  square  mile. 


6 

5 

4 

3  1    2 

1 

7 

8 

9 

10  1  11 

12 

18 

17 

16 

15  ,  14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22  .  23 

21 

30 

29 

28 

27     26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34  1  33 

36 

A  Town  may  comprise  as  its  territory  an  exact  township,  a  fraction  of  a 
township,  or  several  townships. 

The  town  of  Elkhom,  in  Walworth  Coanty,  contains  but  four  sections  ;  tlie  town  of 
Jenny,  in  Lincoln  Connty,  comprised  at  one  time  about  9eventy  hnvnt/iip*.  | 

A  Range  is  a  row  of  townships  extending  north  and  south.     The  ranges  [ 
are  distinguished  by  numbering  them  both  ways — east  and  west — from  a 
given  line,  known  as  a  Principal  Meridian  of  the  United  States  land  survey. 

The  townships  in  each  range  are  numbered  north  and  south  from  a  given 
east  and  west  line,  known  as  a  base-line. 

Wisconsin  is  surveyed  upon  the  4th  Principal  Meridian  of  the  United 
States  survey,  with  the  south  line  of  the  State  (Parallel  42'  30'  N.)  as  the 
base-line.  i 

I 


1 

1 

1 

7 

TS.N 

R.4W 

6 

Ca 

RRE 

CTIOIN    1 

.IINE 

5 

4 

2 

R£.E 

3 

< 
Q 

2 

a. 

Mi 

17 

m 

IT 

U 

Fifliia 

17 

Base. 

LINE 

1 

< 

1 

2 

a. 
O 

]T.Z.S 
|R3.E 

3 

z 

1 

r.4,s 

^4W 

4 

5 

1 

The  4th  Principal  Meridian  is  a  line  surveyed  due  north  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Illinois  River  to  Lake  Superior.  Its  longitude  from  Greenwich  is 
90   25'  34  ■  W. 


The  ranges  in  Wisconsin,  islands  included,  numljer  as  high  as  30  E.  and 
20  \V.  The  townships  in  this  State  number  only  to  the  north,  and  go  as 
high  as  T.  53,  among  the  Apostle  Islands. 

As  the  ranges  are  bounded  by  meridian  lines,  and  as  all  meridians  con- 
verge toward  the  poles,  it  follows  that  the  northern  boundary  of  each  town- 
ship will  be  slightly  less  than  its  southern  line,  and  townships  remote  from 
the  base-line  will  not  have  so  great  a  breadth  from  east  to  west  as  the  one 
next  the  base-line. 

Correction  lanes  are  therefore  established  at  distances  of  30  to  60  miles 
from  each  other. 

A  correction  line  is  an  east  and  west  line,  or  parallel,  along  which  the 
ranges  are  readjusted  in  breadth. 

Note.— Before  going  farther,  the  teacher  shonld  make  snre,  by  practical  illnitntions  and 
drill  exercises  on  the  blacl^board  and  otherwise,  that  the  class  clearly  understand  the  general 
method  of  the  United  States  land  survey.  The  distinction  between  a  Imcn  wliich  is  apolUical 
division  and  a  congressional  townaftip^  which  is  merely  a  territorial  division,  should  be 
clearly  enforced. 

PHYSICAL  AND  DESCEIPTIVE  GEOGEAPHY. 

Position. — Wisconsin,  including  its  waters,  is  situated  be- 
tween 42°  30  and  47°  20'  N.  latitude,  and  between  86°  50'  and  92° 
54'  W.  longitude.  The  parallel  45°  X.  and  the  meridian  90°  W. 
intersect  near  the  centre  of  the  State. 

Boundaries. — It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Minnesota  and 
Michigan  ;  ou  the  east  by  Michigan  ;  on  the  south  by  Illinois; 
on  the  southwest  and  west  by  Iowa  and  Minnesota. 

It«  txnindririrt  are  given  in  physical  detaQ  in  Art.  n.  of  the  State  constitution,  as  follows : 
"Beginning  at  the  northeast  comer  of  the  State  of  Dlinois— that  is  to  say,  at  a  point  in  the 
centre  of  Lake  Michigan  where  the  line  of  forty-two  degrees  and  thirty  minutes  of  north  lati- 
tude crosses  the  same  ;  thence,  running  with  the  boundary  of  the  State  of  Michigan,  through 
Lake  Michigan,  Green  Bay,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Menomonce  River  ;  thence  up  the  channel 
of  the  said  river  to  the  Brule  Hiver  ;  thence  np  said  la«t-mcntioned  river  to  Lake  Bmle ; 
thence  along  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Brule,  in  a  direct  Unc  to  the  centre  of  the  channel 
bct^veen  Middle  and  South  islands,  in  the  Lake  of  the  Desert ;  thence  in  a  direct  line  to  the 
head-waters  of  the  Montreal  River,  as  marked  upon  the  enrvey  made  by  Captain  Cram ;  thence 
down  the  main  channel  of  the  Montreal  River  to  the  middle  of  Lake  Superior  ;  thence  through 
the  centre  of  Lake  Superior  to  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Louis  River ;  thence  np  the  main  channel 
of  the  said  river  to  the  first  rapids  in  the  same,  above  the  Indian  village,  according  to  Nicol- 
let's map  ;  thence  due  south  to  the  main  branch  of  the  River  St.  Croli ;  thence  down  the 
main  channel  of  said  river  to  the  Mississippi ;  thence  down  the  centre  of  the  main  channel 
of  that  river  to  the  northwest  comer  of  the  State  of  Illinois  ;  thence  due  cast  with  the  boun- 
dary of  the  State  of  Illiunis  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

Size. — The  land  sirea  of  Wisconsin  contains  53,924  square 
miles.  Its  greiitest  length,  from  north  to  south,  exclusive  of 
islands,  is  310  miles  ;  its  greatest  breadth,  from  east  to  west,  is 
290  miles. 

About  one-fifth  of  the  whole  area  of  the  State  is  covered  by  the  waters  of 
Lakes  Michigan,  Superior,  and  Winnebago. 

Wisconsin  is  of  nparly  the  same  land  area  with  each  of  the  following 
States  :  Illinois,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Arkansas,  Alabama,  and  North  Carolina. 

It  is  one-seventh  larger  than  Kew  York,  over  forty  times  as  large  as  Rhode 
Island,  and  one-fifth  as  large  as  Texas.  It  is  equal  to  England  with  one-halt 
of  Wales,  and  is  over  one-fourth  as  large  as  France.  It  contains  about  one- 
thousandth  of  the  land  ^a  of  the  globe. 

Coast  Line. — Wisconsin  has  a  coast  line  upon  Lake  Michigan, 
including  Given  Bay,  of  315  miles,  and  upon  Lake  Superior  of 
120  iniK's. 

Bays. — The  chief  arm  of  Lake  Michigan  is  Green  Bay,  a 
body  of  water  100  miles  in  total  length  and  12  miles  in  average 
breadth.     It  lies  partly  in  Wisconsin  antl  panly  in  Michigan. 

Sturgeon  Bay  is  an  arm  of  Green  Bay,  extending  to  the  southeast,  and 
nearly  cutting  off  the  peninsula  which  lies  between  Green  Bay  and  Lake 
Michigan. 


Copjrright,  li::,  hy  Jamb*  Moxtthh. 


GEOGRAPHY    OF     WISCONSIN. 


t 


Ohequamegon  Bay  (formerly  written  Chegoimegon)  is  an  arm  of  Lake  Su- 
perior.   It  is  al)out  fifteen  miles  in  length  and  seven  miles  in  greatest  breadth. 

St.  Ijouis  Bay  is  an  inlet  at  the  head  of  Jjike  Superior.  It  belongs  jointly 
to  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.     .V  branch  of  this  is  called  the  Bay  of  Allouez. 

Manitowoc  Bay  and  Whitefish  Bay  are  indentations  of  the  Lake  Michi- 
gan shore. 

The  Peninsula  between  Green  Bay  and  Lake  Michigan  is 
aboiu  TU  iiiilia  long  and  10  or  12  miles  in  average  width. 

It  is  mostly  occupied  by  Door  Co.,  which  takes  its  name  from  the  strait 
called  Porte  des  Morts,  or  Death's  Door,  which  separates  the  extremity  of 

the  peninsula  from  Washington  Island. 

Islands. — The    inmith  of    Green    Bay    is  obstructed    by    a 

chain  of  islands,  of  which  Washington  Island  is  the  largest. 

These  islands  are  projections  of  a  submerged  ridge,  which  will  be  alluded 
to  hereafter. 

Chambers  Island  is  the  largest  of  several  small  islands  lying  near  the 
middle  of  Green  Buy. 

The  Apostle  Islands  arc  a  group  of  27  islands  in  Lake  Superior.  Madeline 
Island,  which,  with  n  narrow  neck  of  land  called  Ohequamegon  Point,  blocks 
the  entrance  of  t'hcquainegon  Bay,  is  the  largest  of  these,  being  about  12 
miles  long.     Presque  Isle  is  second  in  size. 

They  all  belong  to  Wisconsin. 

Surface. — No  part  of  Wisconsin  ctm  strictly  be  called  moun- 
tainous, nor  does  any  extensive  jiortion  of  it  sink  to  a  dead  level. 
Its  surface  is,  for  the  most  part,  gently  undulating  and  agreeably 
diversified,  though  in  some  sections  it  is  quite  broken.  It  is  not 
at  all  the  "unbroken  plain"  nor  the  ''prairie  plateau"  that  it  is 
often  repiesciit(Ml  to  In'. 

Its  two  general  slopes  are,  one  on  4^he  north,  toward  Lake 
Superior,  aiul  another  to  the  south,  including  nearly  the  whole 
of  the  State. 

The  northern  slope  is  (piito  short  and  abrupt,  the  Montreal 
river  ftflliiig  over  800  feel  in  about  30  miles. 

The  southern  slope  is  long  and  gentle,  and  is  divided,  from 
north  to  .south,  by  a  low  ridge  or  watershed,  into  two  subordinate 
slopft,  one  to  the  southeast  and  the  other  to  the  southwest. 

These  two  slopes  ciilininuto  }\c:i*  their  junction  in  a  rjmge  of 
hills  known  as  liic  Penokee  Iron  Range. 

The  greatest  elevation  of  this  range  is  about  l,200fect  above  Lake  Michi- 
gan, and  1,800  fet  al)ove  the  sea-level.  • 

A  well-defined  ridge  of  Niagara  limestone  extends  along  the 
eastern  shore  of  Green  Uay,  and  thence  southward  through  the 
State. 

It  slopes  gently  toward  Lake  Michigan,  but  presents  an  abrupt  face — often 
a  bare  ledge  of  rocks — to  the  westward.  Its  western  face  or  summit  passes 
through  Dodge  t'o.  and  &)0kg  the  western  border  of  Waukesha  Co.  Its  ele-' 
vation  is  from  400  to  OOiWect  above  liako  Michigan. 

Across  the  nmuth  of  Given  Bay  this  exists  as  a  submerged  ridge,  whose 
projecting  points  form  a  chain  of  islands. 

Another  ridge,  somewhat  similar,  follows  the  southern  bank 
of  the  L  iwn-  Wisconsin  River  at  a  fev\*|Mles'  distance  from  it. 

This  has  its  long  and  gentle  slope  to  the  ^H[hward.  The  average  eleva- 
tion of  its  crest  lino  is  tioO  feet  above  the  lake  level. 

The  Dividing  Bidge  is  the  name  ajiplied  to  a  remarkably 
Iniinching  and  irregular  chain  of  bluffs  Ipng  between  the  Low- 
er Wisconsin  and  the  Missis.sippi. 

Its  moat  marked  development  is  found  in  Monroe  Co.,  where  it  is  pierced 
by  many  railroad  tunnels. 

It  O'wes  its  origin  to  erosion,  or  the  wearing  away  of  the  surrounding 
country.  The  table-land  on  its  summit  has  an  elevation  of  about  500  feet 
above  Lake  Mii  higan. 

Tie  Baraboo  Bluffs  consist  of  two  parallel  ranges  joined  at : 
eaclwend,  extending  about  twenty  miles  from  east  to  west,  with- 
in t|p  great  berft  of  the  Wisconsin  river.     They   reach  from  600 ! 
to  900  feet  above  the  level  of  Lake  Michigan. 


The  Bib  Hill,  near  Wausau,  on  the  Upper  Wisconsin,  is  an 
isolated  ridge,  reaching  a  height  of  1,263  feet  above  Lake  Michi- 
gan. This  is  thought  by  some  authorities  to  be  the  highest  point 
of  lanil  in  Wisconsin. 

The  Blue  Mounds  aie  a  group  of  isolated  cones  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  State. 

The  highest  reaches  1.150  feet  above  Lake  Michigan.  The  Platte 
Mounds  are  a  similar  group  in  the  same  region. 

In  the  central-w^estern  part  of  the  State  are  numberless 

isolated  •'  blulls,"  or  jieaks,  of  sandstone,  capped,  in  many  cases, 
with  limestone. 

They  have  an  cle\Tition  of  from  100  to  225  feet  above  the  general  level,  and 
owe  their  origin  to  erosion.  They  are  simply  islands  left  standing  by  the 
general  washing  and  wearing  away  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Depressions. — The  great  southern  slope  of  the  State, 
already  alluded  to,  is  traversed  diagonally,  from  N.E.  to  S.W. , 
by  a  remarkable  valley,  occupied  by  Green  Bay,  the  Fo.x  River, 
and  the  Lower  Wi.sconsin. 

This  valley  has  also  a  great  branch,  extending  southward  from  Lake  Win- 
nebago, and  containing  Lake  Horicon  and  Rock  River. 

This  branch,  with  the  main  valley  northward,  is  bounded  on  the  east  by 
the  ridge  of  Niagara  limestone  already  described. 

The  lowest  land  in  AVisconsiii  is  the  shore  lineof  the  Missis- 
sippi IJivtr  at  till'  .-■puth western  corner  of  the  State. 

Wisconsin  is  drained  by  waters  tributary  to  Lakes  Michigan 
and  Superior,  and  to  the  Mississippi  River. 

About  one-third  of  the  State,  on  its  eastern  and  northern 
sides,  belongs  to  the  St.  Lawrence  basin ;  the  reniainirig  two- 
thirds,  to  the  Mississippi  valley. 

River  Systems.— The  Mississippi  system,  in  this  State, 
comprises  as  its  principal  rivers  the  ^\'iscull^ill,  the  Chippewa,  the 
St.  Croix,  and  Black  River.  Rock  River  is  also  a  tributary  of 
the  Mississipi)i. 

Lake  Michigan  receives  a  number  of  small  rivers  along  its  western  shore. 

The  Green  Bay  system  comprises  the  Menomonee,  the  Pesh- 
tigo,  the  Oconto,  and  the  Fox  River,  with  its  great  tributary,  the 
Wolf. 

Lake  Superior  receives  the  St.  Louis  and  Montreal  Rivers,  both  lying  on 
the  boundaries  of  the  State,  and  several  small  streams  between  them,  as  the 
Bois  Brule  and  Bad  River. 

The  Wisconsin  is  the  largest  river  in  the  State,  extending  from 
Lac  Vieux  Desert,  on  the  northwestern  boundary,  diagonally 
across  the  State,  with  a  length  of  500  to  600  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable by  steamboats  to  the  great  bend  at  Portage,  but  with  diflS- 
culty,  owing  to  the  rapid  shifting  of  the  sands  which  form  its  bed 
in  its  lower  course. 

The  Fox  River  riseslessthan  twenty  miles  from  the  great^bend 
of  the  Wisconsin  and  flows  directly  towards  it  until  witljin  two 
miles  of  its  banks.  It  then  turns  abruptly  upon  itself  and  flows 
in  the  o]>posite  direction  to  Green  Bay.  It  is  navigable  by  the  aid 
of  slack-water  improvements  to  the  Portage,  where  a  canal  con- 
nects it  with  the  Wisconsin,  making  it  possible  for  steamboats  to 
pass  from  Lake  Michigan  into  the  Mississippi. 

The  Chippewa  is  navigable  to  Eau  Claire  ;  the  Wolf,  to 
Xew  London,  and  by  small  steamboats  to  Shawano;  the  St. 
Croix,  to  St.  Croix  Falls. 

Lake  Winnebago  is  the  largest  lake  lying  wholly  within  any 
State  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  28  miles  long  and  10 
miles  wide. 

Jjsike  Poygan.  a  little  to  the  west  of  Lake  Winnebago,  is 
the  second  in  size  within  the  State.     * 


GEOGRAPHY     OF     WISCONSIN. 


3 


Next  in  order  are  Lake  Koshkonong,  on  Rock  River;  Lake  Mendota,  near 
Madl:;«n;  and  Green  Lake,  near  the  Upper  Fox  River. 

Lake  Pepin  is  an  expansion  of  the  Mississippi  River.  It  is  about  20 
miles  lonjf  and  three  miles  wide. 

Geneva  Lake,  near  the  southern  line  ot  the  State,  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  sheets  of  water  in  the  world.  It  is  a  popular  place  of  suiiiuier  re- 
sort, as  are  also  Green  Lake,  Elkhart  Lake,  and  the  numerous  charming  lit- 
tle lakes  of  Waukesha  County. 

The  northi'iii  and  unsettled  portion  of  Wisconsin  is  thickly  studded  with 
lako^,  the  mosi  iniiiortant  of  which  are  Lakes  Shawano,  Court  Oreille, 
Namekagon,  and  Vieux  Desert. 

What  was  formerly  Lake  Horicon,  l.j  miles  long  and  next  to  Lake  Win- 
nebago in  size,  has  been  drained  by  the  removal  of  the  Uoricon  dam,  and  is 
now  only  a  marsh. 

Scenery. — A\'i.<consiii  is  especially  favored  in  the  po.sse.ssion  of 
beauiiful  natural  sceuery.     Among  the  cliief  attractions,  in  addi- 
tion  to   the  lakes  already  mentioned,  may  be  named  Devil's 
Lake  and   its  siirniundinp^  rtL^ion.   in   Sauk  Co.,  and  the  Dells  • 
(Dalles)  of  the  Wisconsin  and  St.  Croix  Rivers.  j 

At  the  Dells  of  the  Wisconsin,  near  Kilbourn  City,  the  river  is  com-  i 
pressed  between  lofty  walls  of  ro<'k  to  a  breadth,  in  one  place,  of  but  60  feet. 
This  canyon  is  about  eight  miles  in  length. 

The  lakes  and  streams  of  tlie  northern  forests  furnish  great 

attrai-iioii-  to  spurLsniun. 

The  soils  of  AVisconsin  are  of  quite  various  origin  and  value. 

The  eastern  portion  of  the  State,  to  the  south  of  Green  Bay,  has  a  strong 
clayey  soil  (marly  clay)  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  timber,  grass,  wheat, 
and  most  other  grains. 

In  the  Rocit  River  valley  and  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State  the 
soil  is  larijcly  a  prairie  loam,  with  frequent  tracts  of  claj^  soil,  though  a 
sandy  soil  is  found  in  tlie  Su;{!;r  River  valley  and  in  narrow Tclts.Tlong  Rock 
River.  The  wlwle  of  soutliorn  Wisconsin  is  underlaid  with  limestone,  except 
the  sandy  bells  just  alluded  to,  where  the  rock  is  the  .St.  Peter's  s;indstone. 
The  whole  area  is  exceedingly  productive  and  adapted  to  eveiy  variety  of 
farm  products. 

An  extsnsive  bait  of  sandy  and  often  sterile  soil  stretches  across  the  central 
part  of  the  State  fiom  east  to  west.  It  may  be  described  as  having  the  form 
of  a  crescent,  with  its  lioms  resting  on  the  St.  Croix  and  Jlenornonee  Rivers, 
and  with  its  greatest  breadth  in  the  valley  of  the  Wisconsin  River.  The 
greater  part  of  this  ssmdy  area  is  underlaid  by  the  rock  known  as  the  Pots- 
dam sandsloiie.  Corn,  potatoes,  and  hops  are  the  leading  crops  of  this 
section,  though  there  are  many  "streaks"  of  country  where  all  grains  may 
be  successfully  grown. 

To  thD  north  of  this  sandy  belt  thoKoil  ischiefly  a  light  loam,  il  adapt- 
ed to  that  latitude. 

The  climate  of  Wisconsin  is  tenii)eiate.  tliough  somewhat 
variable.  There  is  often  extreme  cold  in  winter  and  extreme  iieat 
in  summer;  yet  the  climate,  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  is  exceed- 
ingly healthful. 

A  belt  along  Lake  Michigan,  quite  narrow  at  the  south  but  widening 
northward,  Is  more  humid  and  equable.  The  summers  are  cooler,  yet  the 
average  temperature  throughout  the  year  is  several  degrees  higher  than  in 
"  the  western  part  of  the  State. 

In  th2  northsrn  part  the  summers  are  very  short  but  hot,  and  excellent 
crops  arc  produced  as  tar  north  as  Polk  and  Barron  counties. 

The  prevailing  winds  are  from  the  southwest.  The  annual  rain-fall  at 
Milwaukee  is  a  fraction  over  30  inches.  For  the  whole  Stale  it  is  estnnatcd 
to  be  three  inclies  greater,  or  a  sheet  of  water  2J  feit  deep  over  the  whole 
area. 

The  isotherm  of  40"  (or  line  whose  avora  ;e  temperaturu  for  tin-  whole  year  is  JO"  F.i 
crosses  the  State  froin  east  to  west  near  its  guw^Taphical  cciitri';  while  the  line  whose  overage 
summer  temperature  i"  TOf  crosses  Oie  southern  half  of  the  Slate  diagonally  from  S.  E. 
to  N.  \V.,  passim:  tlironirli  Chicnso  and  St.  I'aul. 

Mineral  Products. — Lead  and  zinc  ores  are  found  iu  con- 
nection in  tlie  southwestern  part,  the  tract  west  of  Sugar  River 
and  south  of  the  Wisconsin  being  known  as  •'  the  Lead  Region." 

Iron  ore  is  abundant  in  the  Penokeo  Range,  near  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 

It  is  also  found  at  Iron  Ridge,  in  Dodge  Co. !  at  Ironton  and  other  points, 


in  Sauk  ( 'o. :  and,  to  some  extent,  at  Black  River  Falls,  Jacks^m  Co.,  in 
Oconto  Co.,  and  in  several  other  localities.  The  deposit  at  Iron  Ridge  is  es- 
pecially rich  and  valuable.  | 

Copper-bearing  rocks  are  found  in  the  extreme  norlhwestcni 

part  of  ihe  State. 

Several  mines  have  been  opened  at  various  points,  but  none  of  them  are 

being  worked  at  present  (1877). 

Kaolin,  or  Porcelain  Clay,  is  found  near  Grand  Rapids,  in 
Wood  do. 

Hydraulic  cement  of  a  very  snperior  quality  is  manufac- 
tured from  rock  lying  on  tiie  outskirts  of  the  city  of  Milwaukee. 
Gypsum  and  other  valuable  minerals  are  reported  as  discovered  in 
various  sections. 

Excellent  building  stones  and  clays  aie  found  in  nearly 

all  i>ortions  of  the  State.  The  Waukesha  stone  is  especially 
noted. 

The  beautiful  cream-colored  brick  made  at  Milwaukee  and 
many  other  places  is  widely  known  throughout  the  cotintr}-. 

Mineral  Springs,  valued  for  their  medicinal  properties,  are  found  in  many 
places.      The  Ijetlies4la  Spring  at  Waukesha  is  perhaps  the  most  celebrated. 

The  Artesian  Wella  at  Sparta,  Prairie  du  Cbien,  Fond  du  Lac,  Sheboy- 
gan, etc.,  have  also  a  wide  reputation. 

Timber  is  the  most  important  indigenous  vegetable  product. 
Extensive  forests  of  i)ine  mingled  with  other  trees,  and  known  as  the 
■'  Pineries,"  lie  in  the  central  and  northern  portions  of  tlie  State. 

The  greater  part  of  southern  Wisconsin  is  either  prairie  or 
•■  openings,"'  over  which  burr-oak  and  white-oak  trees  are  scattered 
with  varying  abundance,  with  often  a  thick  undergrowth  of  young 
black-oaks  interspersed  with  pojilar.  etc.  The  hazel  is  also  widely 
found. 

Black-oaks,  gray  and  "jack"  pines,  are  almost  the  only  vegetation  of  the 
more  sterile  portions  of  the  tandy  area  of  central  Wisconsin,  though  such 
tracts  are  much  more  limited  than  is  often  represented.  Extensive  swamps 
or  marshes,  covered  with  long  grass,  and  sometimes  with  cranberry  •viiK-.  are 
also  frequent  in  the  sandstone  belt. 

•  To  the  north  nearly  tiie  wiiole  surface  is  covered  with  dense 
forests  of  whitf  and  Norway  pine,  maple,  oak,  elm.  ash.  basswood. 
hemlock,  cedar,  poplar,  tamarack,  etc. 

Beech,  birch,  hickory,  ironwood,  black-walnut,  butternut,  cherry,  spruce, 
and  balsam  fir  are  iilto  found  in  many  places. 

Of  the  trees  just  named,  nearly  all  the  deciduous  varieties  are  found  in  the 
limited  belts  or  islands  of  thick  timber  scattered  about  in  soiUlieru  Wisoun- 
sin,  and  also  in  a  continuous  tract  of  timber  on  the  Lake  MichiglRlisloi)e. 

Hay  marshes  ire  found  in  nearly  all  portions  of  the  St;ite.  Wild  rice 
abounds  in  shallow  lakes  and  along  many  streams. 

Cranberries,  blaeberries,  and  other  wild  fruits  fonn  a  considerable  arti-  ; 
cle  of  export  from  the  central  and  northwestern  parts,  es[)ecially  from  the  i 
s;indstone  belt.  i 

The  great  abundance  of  wild  flowers  everywhere  found  in  southern  Wis-  j 
consiu  Wiis  a  matter  of  frequent  remark  by  the  early  settlers  and  explorers. 

The  wild  animals  comprise  the  red-deer,  black  bear,  wild  j 
cat,  gray  wolf,  j)iaiiie  wolf,  red  fox,  raccoon,  and  porcupine,  all  I 
of  which  are  common  in  the  more  unsettled  regions,  and  the  elk, 
which  is  soinetimos  met  with,  though  not  so  often  as  formerly. 

Fur-bearing  animals,  ;is  the  otter,  mink,  and  muskrat,  are  i 
(|uite  plentiful. 

The  beaver  is  now  but  rarely  found,  except  in  the  northern  forests. 

The  wooilehiu-k,  skunk,  rabbit,  gt>pher,  chipmunk,  red,  pray,  and  fox 
squirrels  are  common  nearly  everywhere.  Black  and  flying  squirrels  and 
the  weasel  are  sometimes  found.  The  badger,  once  so  common  as  to  give 
Wisconsin  the  name, "the  Badger  State,'"  seems,  with  the  buffalo  and  wild 
turkey,  to  have  retreated  before  the  march  of  civilization. 

'  Birds. — The  golden  and  bald  eagle,  great  white  owl,  and  i>fli- 
caii  are  often  seen  iu  the  northern  parts  ;  the  loon  is  common  oii   j 


GEOGRAPHY     OF    WISCONSIN. 


I  Jill  iiiJiuKl  lakes;  the  great  saud-hill  cniue  and  the  biticrn  aio 
I  fouml  in  the  swamps. 

Tlie  most  important  game-birds  arc  the  wild  jroose,  mallard, 
caiivivs-back,  and  olhcr  ducks,  pinnated  grouse  (prairie  chicken), 
partndiro.  f|n;iil.  wiKidcuck,  snipo.  and  wild  pigeon. 

Lake  Koshkoimng  is  a  fuvorito  fooiling-pluco  of  tlio  "canvas-buck." 

Fish. — In  Lukes  Michigan  and  Superior,  whitefish  and  Macki- 
naw tr.iut  arc  taken  in  largo  quantities. 

In  the  inland  ■waiezs  are  fouml  Bturgeon,  catfish,  muskallongc,  pike,  pick- 
!  Orel,  pcrcli,  biiss,  nmcl  "suckers,"  ami  in  tlio  norlheru  streams,  the  dainty 
siwcklrtl  Irout  and  grayling.  Oeneva  Lake  is  noted  for  a  sinuU  fisli  culled 
the  Cisco. 

In  addition  to  these  native  fishes,  ninny  of  .the  lakes  are  being  stocked 
with  otlii-r  varieties  by  the  State  Fish  Connaission. 

Farmings  is  the  leading  pnrsiiii.  and  the  State  ranks  high  in 
the  list  of  agrieidtural  States. 

Although  Ijth  in  population,  Wisconsin,  according  to  the  17.  S.  census  of 
1870,  ranks  10th  in  tlio  value  of  all  fiirm  prmlucts,  11th  in  value  of  all  Uve 
stock,  8th  in  the  production  of  wtKil,  7lh  in  amount  of  dairy  products,  Cth  in 
oats,  liarley,  and  poUilocs,  5lh  in  wheat,  4th  in  rj'c,  and  2d  in  hops.  In 
1875,  Wisconsin  was  reported  as  4th  in  the  list  of  whcat-pi-oducing  States. 

While  the  grain  product  has  steadily  increased  for  m;iny  years  at  an  aver- 
age rate  of  2.000,UOO  bush,  yearly,  attention  has  of  late  been  largely  directed 
toward  dairying  and  the  raising  ol  cattle,  hogs,  and  horses. 

At  theCentennial  Exposition,  Wisconsin  carried  off  25  awards  for  butter 
;  and  cheese,  out  of  07  given  to  the  whole  United  States — over  one-third  of  the 
whole  numtnT. 

Wisconsni  is  not  so  well  adapted  to  fruit-growing  as  some  other  .States, 
though  ajiplcs  an.l  all  small  fruits  are  protluced  abundantly  in  the  older  por- 
tions of  the  .State. 

Table  of  AoEicfLTURAi.  Prouccts,  1873. 

Wheat  (bushels) eo,200,Ut)0   llojjs  (1870),  (pounds) 4,(500,153 

Corn         "        15,000,000   Tobacco  "        2,500,000 

Outs  "        2ti,(>00,000   Wo<.l  (1870)       "        4,090,070 


JlilchCows 474,000 

Other  Cattle 448,900 

Hogs 540,700 

Sheep 1,100,800 

Horses 850.100 


Barley       "        2,000,000 

Rye           "        ....' 1,340,000 

Uay  (tons) 1,400,000 

PoUitoes    (bushels) 7,000,000 

Buckwheat       "      911,000 

Liunbering  is  in  the  northern  half  of  the  State  the  principal 
pioilucii\e  interest,  owing  to  the  presence  of  large  tracts  of  ])ine 
and  of  numberless  streams  well  adapted  to  logging  iind  milling 
purposes. 

The  pineries  of  the  Chippewa,  Wolf,  and  Upper  Wisconsin  Rivers  and 
their  tributaries  are  the  most  imijortunt :  though  the  St.  Croix.  Block,  Ocon- 
to, and  Peshtigo  Rivei-s  have  all  extensive  lumbering  interests. 

The  amount  of  lumber  Siiwed  in  1875  was  1,097.443,081  feet,  besides  an 
immense  <piantily  of  lath  and  shingles. 

Slaves  and  other  tiniber  products  are  extensively  manufactured  in  the 
"  hunl-woo<l "  regions. 

The  four  great  lumbering  States,  in  the  order  of  their 
product,  arc  Michigan.  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  Wisconsin. 

In  manufacturing,  AVisconsin  ranked  12th  in  1870,  and  has 

rapiilK  >U  \<  !■  •\'<''\  -irci-  tliat  time. 

The  principal  manufactured  products  (aside  from  lum- 
ber, already  discussed)  are  Hour,  iron  products,  machinery  and 
agricultural  implements,  building  materials,  woollen  and  cotton 
fabrics,  leather  and  leather  ])roducts,  wooden  ware,  furniture, 
paper,  and  malt  liquors. 

The  total  value  ol  manufuctores  (excluding  lumber,  cheese,  and  packed 
meats,  etc.)  in  the  year  1870  was  #77,214.o2C. 

There  are  Iron  Furnaces  at  Milwaukee,  Green  Bay,  Depere,  Applelon,  Iron 
Riilge,  Mayvillc,  Ironton.  (  azenovia.  Black  River  Falls,  and  extensive  roUing- 
mills  at  Riy  V'iiw.  near  Milwaukee. 

Woolen  Mills  arc  located  at  Racine,  Waukesha,  Beaver  Dam,  Watertown, 
.lelToi-son,  .Tan6S\"ille,  Barabmx  and  .Montello. 

Paper  Mills  are  operated  at  Beloit,  Neenah.  Menasha,  Whitewater, 
Sparta,  and  Fond  du  Lac. 


There  is  a  largo  Cotton  Factory  nt  .Tanesville. 

Glass  of  an  excellent  cpialiiy  is  manufactured  at  Omro. 

Mining  is  conflucd,  at  present,  to  that  of  lead  and  zinc  in  the 
southwest,  and  of  iron  in  Dodge  and  Sauk  counties,  the  mines  in 
tiie  iiorih  being  as  yet  nndeveloped. 

Wisconsin  ranks  first  among  all  the  States  in  its  lead  inn- 
diiii,  and  cu\enlli  in  that  of  iron. 

Fishing  is  earned  on  to  a  considerable  .extent  at  Green  Uay, 
Maniiowoe,  Two  Rivers,  and  other  points  on  the  two  great  lakes. 

Transportation. — Its  large  extent  of  lake  and  river  coast 
places  navigation  and  ship-building  among  the  industries  of  AVis- 
consin ;  yet  its  ship])ing  interests  liave  become,  of  late  years,  far 
less  important  than  its  railroads. 

There  were  in  operation  Jan.  1,  1877,  about  2,030  miles  of  railroad  within 
the  State. 

The  principal  railroad  systems  are  tliosenf  ilie  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  A.  St.  I'aul,  the  t'liicago  &  Xorthwcstern.  and  (he 
Wisconsin  Central  companies. 

The  first  railroad  in  the  State  was  the  old  Milwaukee  & 

Missis.-ippi  II.  II..  now  the  rrairif  da  C'hien  division  of  the  C,  M. 

&  St.  1'.  IJ.  R. 

Table  op  Railroads  i.v  Wisconsi.s. 


J^ame  of  Company. 


Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  system. 


Chicago  &  Northwestern  system. 


Wisconsin  Central  system. . 


Termini. 

MiJwfiuTcee, 

Chicago, 

Prairie  duChien 

Jlonroe. 

La  Crosse, 

Berlin. 

Winneconne, 

Oshkosli.  and 

Neeedah. 

Ch  icago, 

Milwaukee, 

Cireen  Bay, 

Marinette, 

Fond  du  Lue, 

Elroy, 

AVinona,  and 

Geneva  Luke. 

Mihrauhf. 

Green  Bay  and 

Asliland.  , 

Stevens  Point  tc   | 


in 
Wis. 


085 


500 


411 


Green  Bay  &  Minnesota. 


West  Wisconsin  A,  Nortli  Wisconsin . 

Milwaukee,  Lake  Shore  &  Western. 

Wisconsin  Valley 

Western  Union 

Sheboygan  &  Fond  du  Lac 

Mineral  Point 


Portage. 
Green  liaij, 
Winona  and 
La  Crosse. 
I  Elroy, 

•J      ITuflson  and 
/  Xew   Richmond, 
i        Mihraukee, 

Aiipliton  and 
f       'two  Rivers. 
J        Tomah  and 
i  Wausjiu. 

(  Racine, 

\         Beloit  and 
(  Eagle. 

j     Sheboygan  and 
(         Princeton. 
Warren,  111., 
Mineral   Point 
and  Platteville. 
Madison  and 
Portage. 


217 


10 


V'.) 


'         T<1 


49 


j    Chippewa  Falls    ( 


Madison  &  Portage 

Chippewa  Falls  A.  Western ^    and'^au  cfai"re! 

Narrow-Gauge  Roads. 
Galena  &  Southern  Wisconsin 


Pine  River  Valley  &  Ste-'ens  Point. 
Fond  du  Lac,  Amboy  &  Peoria 


(  Galena  and        ( 

(  Platteville.         f 

(  Lone  Rook  and    ( 

{  Richland  Centre,  s 

j  Fond  du  Lac  and  / 

j  Iron  Ridge.        )' 


39 
10 

20 
10 
28 


J 


GEOGRAPHY     OF     WISCONSIN. 


L' 


The  canals  in  the  State,  for  purposes  of  transportation,  are 
tliu  one  at  Portage,  connecting  tlie  Fox  and  Wisconsin  Rivers,  and 
the  Sturgeon  Bay  ship-canal,  now  in  jirocess  of  construction, 
whicii  will  greatly  sliorten  the  water-route  between  Milwaukee 
and  Green  Bay.  There  is  also  a  short  canal  around  the  rapids  in 
the  Fox  River  at  tJie  foot  of  Lake  Winnebago. 

The  Population  of  Wisconsin,  according  to  the  census  of 
1870,  was  l,ii54.G70  ;  according  to  the  State  census  of  1875  it  was 
1,230,729,  a  gain  in  the  five  years  of  17]^  i)er  cont. 

The  most  rapid  rate  of  increase  was  in  Barron.  Clark,  and 
Chippewa  counties. 

With  respect  to  nativity  this  population  is  quite  divei'se. 
Of  the  whole,  nearly  35  per  cent,  are  of  foreign  birth,  and,  of 
course,  a  still  larger  share  are  of  foreign  parentage. 

Of  the  35  per  cent,  who  were  born  in  foreign  countries,  IGJ^  per  cent,  are 
Germans  ;  5  per  cent.  Scandinavians  ;  4}2  per  cent.  Irish  ;  4'2  per  cent. 
English  and  Scotch  ;  S'^  per  cent,  natives  of  British  America  ;  1  per  cent. 
Bohemians,  and  the  rest  ol  quite  various  nationality. 

Milwaukee.  Ozaukee,  Washin^on.  Manitowoc,  Marathon,  Shawano,  and  Sheboygan 
counties  are  Jarccly  occupied  by  Germans,  as  are  also  portions  of  Kewaunee,  Calumet, 
Dodge,  Buffalo,  and  Jefferson  counties.  Brown  and  Kewaunee  counties  contain  set'Jements 
of  French,  Belgians,  and  Bohemians.  There  are  colonics  of  Poles  in  Milwaukee  and  Mani- 
towoc. 

Norwegian  settlements  are  found  in  various  parts  of  the  State,  but  especially  in  Dane. 
Eau  Claire,  Dunn,  and  Chippewa  countiei^. 

Indians.  Included  in  the  census  as  native-bom,  are  about  1,200  civil- 
ised Indians,  a  large  share  of  whom  reside  in  Calumet  Co.,  under  the  name 
of  the  Brothertowu  Indians. 

Besides  these,  there  were  in  Wisconsin  in  1875  over  8,000  tribal  Indians, 
eompii.sing  4,-).5-i  Chippewas,  1,3"23  Menomonees,  1,333  Oneidas,  650  Winne- 
bagoes,  and  liy  Stockbridges. 

There  are  five  Indian  reservations,  \iz.  : 

1.  Oneida  Reserve,  in  Brown  and  Outagamie  Co* 

2.  Mcnomouee  Reserve,  in  Shawano  Co. 

3.  Flambeau  Reserve,  in  Lincoln  Co. 

4.  Bad  River  Reserv.',  in  Asliland  Co. 

5.  Lake  Court  Oreille  Reserve,  in  Chippewa  Co. 

1.  Milwaukee  (pop.  100,77o),  on  Lake  Michigan,  is  the  com- 
mercial metropolis  of  Wisconsin,  and  the  gi-eatest  primary  wheat 
market  of  the  world.  Its  receipts  by  rail  for  the  year  1874  were 
27,000,000  bushels.  Twelve  railways  centre  here,  and  several 
lines  of  lake  steamers.  It  has  large  manufactui-es  of  iron,  flour, 
machinery,  lager-beer,  brick,  and  leather.  The  ])iicking  of  salt 
meats  is  also  an  important  brancli  of  business.  The  city  has  an 
immense  trade  in  lumber  and  general  merchandise. 

The  National  Asylum  for  Invalid  Soldiers  and  the  Forest  Home  Cemetery 
are  among  the  attractions  in  its  vicinity. 

2.  Oshkosh  (pop.  lT.ol-"i).  on  Lake  Winnebago  at  the  mouth  of  the  Upper 
Fox,  is  the  second  city  in  size.  It  is  important  for  its  manufacture  of  lum- 
ber, it  having  40  steam  saw  and  shingle  mills  and  12  sash  and  lilind  factories. 

The  Third  State  Normal  School  is  located  here,  and  near  by  is  the  North- 
ern Hospital  for  the  Insane. 

3.  Fond  du  Lao  (pop.  1.5,308)  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Ijake  Winnebago. 
It  is  largely  engaged  in  the  lumber  traflic.  The  extensive  car-shops  of  the 
C.  &  N.  W.  R.  R.  are  located  here.  The  city  is  also  noted  for  its  Artesian 
Wells,  of  which  it  is  said  to  have  about  1,000.  \ 

4.  Racine  (p<:)p.  13.274)  is  a  beautiful  city  on  the  lake  shore  south  of  Mil- 
waukee. It  is  noted  for  its  extensive  manufacture  of  threshing-macliines. 
It  has  also  i'.n  excellent  woolli-n  mill,  .in  extensive  wagon  factory,  and  an 
establishment  for  the  making  of  silver-plated  ware.  i 

5.  La  Crosse  (pop.  11.012)  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  at  the  mouth  of  | 
the  Black  River.     It  has  extensive  lumbering  interests  and  a  large  wholesale 
trade  with  southern  Minnesota. 

6.  Janesville  (pop.  10.115),  on  Rock  River,  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a 
rich  farming  region.  It  has  an  excellent  water-power,  and  the  only  cotton 
factory  in  the  State.  It  has  extensive  reaper-works,  and  factories  for  the 
manufacture  of  cotton  batting,  boots  and  shoes,  and  wooUcn  cloths,  with 


several  large  flouring  mills.   The  Wisconsin  Institute  for  the  Blind  is  located 
here. 

7.  Madison  (pop.  10,093)  is  the  capital  of  the  State.  It  is  beautifully 
situated  between  Lakes  Meudota  and  Monona,  and  is  a  favorite  summer  re- 
sort. The  State  University  and  the  Wisconsin  Hospital  for  the  Insane  are 
located  here,  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Mendota.  Among  the  other  attractions 
is  the  library  of  the  State  Historical  Society,  one  of  the  best  in  the  United 
States. 

8.  Watertown  (pop.  9,524),  on  Rock  River,  is  located  in  the  midst  of  a 
fine  farniiiig  region.     It  has  an  extensive  nianiLfacture  of  flour  and  brick.        I 

9.  Eau  Claire  (pop.  8,440)  is  a  flourishing  lumbering  town  at  the  jtmction 
of  the  Eau  Claire  and  Chippewa  Rivere. 

10.  Green  Bay  (jwp.  8,037)  occupies  an  important  commercial  position  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Low^er  Pox.  It  b  the  oldest  town  in  the  State,  having 
l)een  founded  by  the  French  in  1745.  A  large  porliun  of  its  people  ar^  of 
French  descent.  It  has  a  large  exfwrt  of  shingles,  staves,  etc.,  and  is  cxlftn- 
sively  engaged  in  the  whitefisli  and  trout  fisheries.  Fort  Howard,  just 
across  the  river,  has  an  additional  population  of  3,U10. 

11.  Sheboygan  (pop.  6,828)  is  a  port  on  Lake  Michigan,  north  of  Milwau- 
kee. 

12.  Appleton  (pop.  0,730),  on  the  Lower  Fox,  has  an  immense  water- 
power,  with  a  constant  fall  of  49  feet.  It  has  an  iron  furnace,  and  various 
manufactures,  including  a  factory  for  making  poplar  wood  into  pulp  for 
paper.     It  is  the  scat  of  Lawrence  University. 

13.  Manitowoc  (pop.  5, 725)  is  a  port  on  Lake  Michigan.  It  has  a  ship- 
yard and  a  good  harbor. 

14.  Chippewa  Falls  (pop.  5,050),  on  the  Chippewa  River.  12  miles  above 
Eau  Claire,  is  a  busy  lumbering  town,  with  a  good  water-power. 

15.  Kenosha  (iK)p.  4,959),  situated  on  Lake  Michigan,  near  the  Illinois 
line,  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  SUite. 

10.  Beloit  (pop.  4,(>0.5)  is  situated  on  Rock  River,  at  the  southern  line  of 
the  State.  It  has  extensive  and  varied  manufactures,  including  windmills, 
water-wheels,  shoes,  and  a  great  variety  of  paper  products. 

Beloit  College  ranks  among  the  very  best  of  Western  colleges. 

17.  Portage  (pop.  4,.337),  at  the  great  bend  of  the  Wisconsin,  is  an  im- 
portant railroad  centre.  The  old  Fort  Winnebago  was  located  on  the  Fox 
River  at  this  jwint. 

18.  Neenah  (pop.  4,023),  and  Menasha(pop.  3,  170)  are  thriving  manufac- 
turing towns  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Winncl>ago.  The  two  towns  touch  each 
other,  dinding  Doty's  Islaml,  in  the  Fox  River,  between  them.  The  former 
is  noted  for  its  great  number  of  flouring  and  paper  mills  ;  the  ktter  for  its 
manufaci  ure  of  wootlen-ware. 

19.  Whitewater,  a  beautiful  Aillage  in  Walworth  Co.,  has  a  large  manufac- 
ture of  wagon.s,  reapers  and  other  farm  machinery,  coffins  and  jiajwr.  It  is 
the  scat  of  the  Second  State  Normal  School. 

20.  Menomonee,  on  the  Red  Cedar  River,  in  Dunn  Co.,  is  an  im|x>rtant 
luml)cring  town.  It  has  the  largest  single  saw-mill  in  the  world.  It  uses3(J5 
saws,  and  can  saw  2.5(1.0(111  feet  of  lumber  in  twelve  hours. 

Waukesha,  Sparta,  Geneva,  and  Oconomowoc  are  villages  possessing 
great  attractions  as  summer  resorts. 

Mineral  Point,  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  State,  is  the  natural  centre 
of  the  lead  region.     It  has  two  furnaces  for  smelting  Icati,  and  one  for  anc. 

Prairie  du  Chien,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  River,  is  one  of  the  old 
French  settlements.  It  has  one  of  the  finest  artesian  wells  in  the  world,  and 
a  pontoon  bridge  across  the  Mississippi  for  the  passjigc  of  railroad  trains.  ' 

Beaver  Oam,  the  county  scat  of  Dodge  Co.,  has  excellent  woollen  mills. 

The  system  of  public  education  is  supported  iu  part  by  ', 
local  taxation,  and  in  part  by  the  proceeds  of  huids  granted  by  the  I 
U.  S.  general  Government.  ' 

It  comprises,  besides  the  district  schools,  of  which  there  were 
nearly  6,000  in  1870,  a  State  rniversitv,  four  Normal  Schools,  and 
a  largo  number  of  citv  and  town  liiffh-schools. 

The  Wisconsin  State  University  is  located  at  Madison.    | 
It  had  for  the  school  year  187t;-7,  27  instructors  and  31C  student^ 
in  all  departments.     The  only  professional  schools  yet  develojicd 
are  those  of  law  and  engineering. 

The  Normal  Schools  are  located  at  Platteville,  Whitewater,    i 
Oshkosh,  and    IJiver  Falls.     They  are   liberally  furnished    with    I 
buildings,  apparatus,  etc.,  and  are  wholly  supported  b\  ilio  pn>- 
cceds  of  public  lands. 


6 


GEOGHAPHY     OF     WISCONSIN. 


They  uggrcgaloil  for  tho  your  1870-7,  40  toachere  niid  1,81)1  stiulcnls  in  all 
iKpartiucnI.s  of  wliicli  numbor  1,108  belonged  to  the  normal  departments 
proper.  An  extensive  and  well-organized  system  of  Teachers'  lustilutcs 
exist-;  in  coiino<-tion  willi  the  normal  schools. 

High-Schools  uf  wide  lepiUatioii  have  long  been  cstiiblislK'il 
iit    Ujicine,    Kenojlia.    Beloit,   Janesvillc,   Madison.  .Sjjarta,   Mil- 
waukee, Oslikosli,  La  Crosse,  Monroe,  Fort  Atkinson,  (irccn  Bay, 
I  anil  many  other  places. 

An  att  of  the  legislature  in  1875,  providing  for  a  system  of  township  high- 
sdiools,  has  fended  to  increase  tho  number  and  ellieieucy  of  schools  where 
higher  instruction  is  given. 

Private  Schools. — Many  e.xtellcnt  corporated  .schools  were 
eaily  esialilislied  in  the  .State.  In  llie  (irst  grade  of  these  may 
be  mentioned  Beloit  College,  Racine  College,  Lawrence  Univer- 
sity at  Ajipleton,  ^[ilton  College,  and  IJipoii    ('"liege. 

Other  academic  institutions  are  the  .Milwaukee  Female  College, 
Wisconsin  Female  College  at  Fox  Lake,  Wayluiid  Institute  at 
Beaver  Dam,  Carroll  College  at  AVaukesha.  Kemper  Hall  at 
Kenosha,  Xortliwestern  University  at  Watertown,  Galesville  Uni- 
versity, and  the  Milwaukee  Academy. 

The  Roman  Catholics  have  many  schools  in  the  State,  of 
all  giades,  iiieliuliug  iiriniary  instruction.  Among  their  higher 
institutions  are  the  theological  seminary  (St.  Francis  of  Sales), 
the  college  (Pio  Xono),  and  the  normal  school  (Holy  Family 
Teachers'  .Seminary)  at  St.  Francis,  near  Milwaukee:  St.  John's 
College  at  Prairie  du  Ciiien,  and  St.  Clara  Academy  at  Sinsiniwa 
.M.amd. 

The  State  benevolent  and  reformatory  institutions 
are  located  as  follows: 

Institute  for  the  Blind,  at  Janesville. 
Institute  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  at  Delavan. 
State  Industrial  School  for  Boys,  at  Waukesha. 
Wlsi'Oiisin  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  near  Madison. 
Xorthem  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  near  Oshkosh. 
Sliilc  Prison,  at  Waupun. 

The  Legislature  consists  of  a  Senate  of  .33  members,  and  an 
Assembly  of  100  members,  and  meets  annually  on  the  second 
Wednesday  in  January.  The  senators  are  elected  for  two  yetirs, 
one-half  annually;  the  assemblymen,  for  one  year. 

The  Executive  and  administrative  officers  are  a  governor, 
lieiiienaiii-goxenior,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  attorney-general, 
and  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  each  elected  for  a  term 
«)f  two  years. 

The  State  Judiciary  eompriscs  a  supreme  court  of  three 
judges,  elected  for  six  years,  and  13  circuit  courts  of  one  judge 
each,  also  elected  for  six  years. 

There  is  in  each  county  a  county  judge,  with  probate  powers,  elected  once 
in  four  years  :  and  there  are  municipal  courts  in  some  of  tho  cities.  Justices 
of  the  peace  are  elected  in  each  town  for  a  term  of  two  years. 

Local  Government  —The  State  is  divided  into  00*  counties  (1877),  each 
of  which  has  a  board  of  supervisors,  a  sheriff,  treasurer,  disfrict-altornev, 
register  of  deeds,  county  clerk,  clerk  of  tho  circuit  court,  and  superinten- 
dent of  schools,  all,  except  the  supervisors,  being  elected  for  a  term  of  two 
years. 

Rich  county  is  composed  of  several  towns.  Each  town  has  three  super- 
visors, one  of  whom,  tho  chairman,  is  a  member  also  of  the  county  board, 
an  assessor,  a  treasurer,  a  town  clerk,  three  justices,  and  three  constables, 
all  these,  except  the  justices,  being  elected  each  year. 


HISTORICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 
Early   Inhabitants. — Wisconsin    has  from    time    unknown 
been  thickly  inhabited.     It  was  a  favorite  abode  of  the  mound- 

•  For  work  npon  the  counties  see  map  questions  at  tlie  end  of  the  book. 


builders,  whose  works  are  to  be  found  in  nearly  every  portion  of  i 
I  the  State,  smd  tilso  of  the  Indians  at  u  later  time.     The  Indian   ' 
i  tribes  most  prominent  in  its  early  history  were  the  Sioux.  Chip- 
I  jiewas,  Silts  and  Foxes,    Wiunebagoes,  Menomonees,   and   Potta-  I 
!  waltomies. 

The  first  white  man  to  set  foot  on  Wisconsin  soil  was  Jean 
Nicollet,  who  in  lti3'.»,  or  earlier,  i)assed  up  the  Fox  Kiver  and 
down  the  Wiseoiisin  to  some  distance. 

The  Mission  of  St.  Esprit  wtis  founded  at  La  Poinie.  on  ' 
Lake  Suprriiir,  in  ]<!(i.j  by  Cluiide  Allotiez,  a  French  Jesuit. 

The  Mission  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  more  successful  tlian 
tho  former,  was  I'oumled  in  IWJ  at  JJepere,  near  Green  Bay, 
iilso  liy  Alioin'z. 

The  Upper  Mississippi  was  discovered  in  1(>73  by  James 
Marquette  and  Louis  Joliei,  who  went  by  way  of  the  J'"ox  and 
Wisconsin  IJivcrs  from  Green  Bay. 

La  Salle  and  llenne])in  also  passed  through  Wisconsin  in  urdiT 
to  their  explorations  of  the  Mississippi  valley.  1 

Nicholas  Perrot  w:a3  the  first  commandant  in  Wisconsin,  coming  in  1089. 
A  post  WMsesliiblished  in  1002  at  Cue;;oiiuei;.)U  Poiul.     Expeditions  wrrr 
sent  from  Canada  against  tho  Foxes,  who  hindered  the  free  passage  of  the    I 
Fox  and  Wiscousiu  Rivers,  under  De  Louvigiiy  in    1710,  Du  Lignerio  in 
1728,  De  Villiei-s  in  17o0,  and  Jlarin  in  1740,  at  which  time  the  Foxes  were   ' 
nearly  cxtorminal<nl  by  a  bal  tlo  at  Hiitto  des  Morts.  j 

The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  at  Green  Bay,   | 
ill  li4."»,  i)y   Augiistin    de    Jianglade   and  his  son  Charles,  with  a 
small  colony.     Their  descendants  still  reside  in  the  Green  Jiay 
region. 

Charles  de  Langlade  in  17>5  led  a  bund  of  Indians  from  tho  Wisconsin 
to  tlie  Ohio  cciiinlry,  and  assisted  at  "Braddock's  Deloat."'  He  afterwards 
led  the  sanus  dusky  bands  to  Canada,  and  shared  in  tho  defeat  of  iluutcalm 
on  the  Plains  of  Abraham.     lie  died  at  Green  Bay  in  1800.  I 

After  the  surrender  of  Canada  to  (jeii.  Amherst  in  \'i<'-<K 
Lieut.  James  Gorell,  with  a  garrison  of  17  men,  was  stationed  at 
Ctreen  Bay  until  the  Pontiac  War  in  17'J3.  The  British  retained 
rightful  possession  of  Wisconsin  for  just  20  years.  ] 

Jonathan  Carver  was  the  only  English  explorer  of  note.   | 
He  visited  .Sauk  J'raiiie  and  the  Blue  ^Inmids  in  I7<i'i- 

He  explored  the  Upper  Mississippi,  and  gained  considerable  notoriety 
through  a  giant  of  land  in  northwestern  Wisconsin,  100  miles  square,  which 
he  asserted  to  have  been  made  to  liini  by  the  Indians. 

War  of  1812. — At  tho  beginning  of  this  war,  Robt.  Dickson,  an  Knglish 
trader  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  collected  an  Indian  force,  including  Black  Hawk 
and  his  warriors  from  Rock  Ishind,  and  led  them  to  tho  aid  of  tlr;  British, 
massacring  the  garrison  at  Fort  Dearborn  (Chicago)  by  the  way.  Early  in 
1814,  Col.  McKay,  with  British  and  Indian  forces,  marched  from  Green  Bay 
and  cnntured  tho  fort  at  Pra^rio  du  Chien,  whidi  had  lately  been  garrisoned 
by  I'liiled  States  troops  from  St.  Louis,  holding  it  till  the  end  of  the  war. 

The  Lead  Mines. — In  tho  year  1820  attention  was  attracted  to  the  lead 
mines  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  and  in  the  yeai-s  1837  and  1828  large  num- 
bers of  minci-sand  adventurers  poured  into  southwestern  Wisconsin,  which 
was  therefore  the  first  part  of  tho  State  to  bo  settled  by  English-speaking 
people.     Shiillsburgh  was  the  firet  town  in  that  quarter. 

The  Black  Hawh  War  occurred  in  1832.  The  engagements  were  the 
battle  of  the  Pecatonica.  of  Wisconsin  Ileights,  at  the  mouth  of  the  I'.lack 
Earth,  and  the  battle  of  Bad  Axe,  which  closed  the  war.  Troops  entered 
tho  State  from  Illinois  under  Gen.  Atkinson,  but  the  liero  of  the  war  was  Col. 
Henry  Dodge.  <  i  the  Wisconsin  militia.  | 

Territorial  Organizations.— From  1787  to  1800,  Wisconsin  formed  part    ! 
of  the  Xorthwest  Territorj'  :  f njm  1800  to  1809,  of  Indiana  Ter. :  from  1809 
to  1810,  of  iriinois;  from  1810  to  1835,  of  Michigan  Ter. 

From  1835  to  18.18,  Wisconsin  Territoi?  included  also  what  is  now  Iowa, 
Minnesota,  and  a  part  of  Dakota. 

The  first  session  of  the  legislature  was  held  at  Belmont,  Lafayette  Co.,  in 

la'o. 

Constitutional  Conventions  were  held  in  1846  and  1848.     The  first  con- 

J 


GEOGRAPHY     OF     WISCONSIN. 


stitution  submitted  was  rejected  by  the  people.  Wisconsin  was  admitted  as 
a  Slate,  June  o,  1848. 

Early  Governors. — The  territorial  governors  were  Henry  Dodge,  James 
Duano  Doty,  and  Nathaniel  P.  Tallmadge. 

The  first  State  governor  was  Nelson  Uewey. 

The  great  financial  crash  of  1837  sent  into  the  Territory  many  men  of 
high  talents  and  ranch  pulilic  esporicnce,  but  who  had  met  with  reverses  at 
the  East,  and  thus  contril)uted  to  the  settlement  of  Wisconsin  by  a  more 
acute  and  intelligent  body  of  men  than  has  often  fallen  to  the  lot  of  a  new 
country. 

REVIEW  aUESTIONS. 

Ifote. — These  questions  are  so  arranged  that,  it  preferred  by  the  teacher, 
they  may  be  used  in  connection  with,  or  in  advance  of,  the  work  of  the  text. 
The  list  should  be  much  amplified  by  the  teacher,  those  given  being  chiefly 
suggestive. 

Preliminary. — 1.  What  is  a  State  ?  A  county  ?  2.  What  is 
the  difference   between  a  town  and   a   congressional  township  ? 

3.  What  is  the  smallest  town  of  whicli  you  know  ?    Tlie  largest  ? 

4.  Describe  fully  the  quarter-section  of  land  ou  which  your  school- 
house  is  located.     What  is  a  correction  line  ? 

POSITION. 

1.  Which  is  nearer  to  Wisconsin,  the  equator  or  the  north  pole? 
'Z.  Which  is  nearer  to  your  school-house  ?  3.  If  two  men  were  to 
start  from  the  centre  of  Wisconsin  and  travel,  one  east  and  the 
other  west,  at  the  same  speed,  where  would  they  meet  ?  4.  Over 
what  states,  countries,  and  waters  would  the  one  pass  who  trav- 
eled westward  ?  5.  Over  what  would  the  one  pass  who  traveled 
eastward  ?  6.  Over  what  countries,  etc.,  would  one  pass  who 
should  travel  directly  to  the  south  pole  ?  7.  Bound  Wisconsin  as 
a  political  division.  8.  Give  its  boundaries  as  defined  by  the 
State  constitution.  9.  Give  the  extremes  of  latitude  and  longi- 
tude in  Wisconsin.  10.  What  other  States  are  of  nearly  the  same 
size?  What  foreign  country?  11.  Compare  Lake  Michigan 
witli  the  Red  Sea  in  length. 

SURFACE. 

1.  Describe  the  general  contour  of  Wisconsin.  2.  What  water- 
sheds does  it  contain?  3.  What  are  the  most  prominent  eleva- 
tions ?  4.  What  extensive  valleys  in  AVisconsin  ?  5.  Xame  the 
four  largest  lakes  within  the  State  in  the  order  of  their  size.  6. 
What  four  lakes  lie  partly  in  Wisconsin  ?  7.  What  large  bay  lies 
wholly  in  Wisconsin  ?  8.  Describe  Sturgeon  Bay.  9.  Xame  the 
three  largest  islands  belonging  to  Wisconsin.  10.  What  strait  in 
Wisconsin  ?  Describe  it.  11.  What  rivers  cross  the  boundaries 
of  the  State?  13.  Describe  the  longest  river.  13.  What  rivers 
empty  into  Green  Bay  ?  Lake  Superior  ?  14.  Name  five  rivers 
most  noted  for  lumbering.  15.  What  points  arc  noted  for  beauti- 
ful scenery?     16.  What  can  you  say  of  Lake  Horicon  ?    17.  How 


can  steamboats  go  from  Oconto  to  Eau  Claire  ? 
sels  reach  the  ocean  from  Milwaukee  ? 


18.  How  do  ves- 


SOIL,    CLIMATE,    AXD     PRODLCTS. 

I.  Describe  the  soils  of  eastern  and  southern  Wisconsin.  2. 
Where  is  sandy  soil  extensively  found  ?  3.  What  effect  has  Lake 
Michigan  on  the  climate  of  Wisconsin  ?  4.  What  isotherm 
crosses  Wisconsin  ?  What  is  an  isotherm  ?  5.  What  minerals  are 
mined  in  Wisconsin  ?  6.  Where  is  each  ore  found  ?  7.  What 
are  the  most  valuable  trees  native  to  Wisconsin  ?  8.  What  wiKl 
fruits  are  exported  ?  9.  What  wild  animals  of  use  to  man  are 
found  ?  10.  What  game-birds  ?  11.  Wlnit  fish  are  most  exten- 
sively taken,  and  where  ?  12.  What  are  the  most  important 
agricultural  products  ?  13.  How  does  Wisconsin  rank  with  respect 
to  dairy  products  ?  14.  What  can  you  say  of  the  lumber  manu- 
facture of  Wisconsin  ?  15.  What  other  manufactures  are  promi- 
nent ?     16.  Where  is  glass  made  in  Wisconsin  ? 

TRANSPORTATION. 

1.  What  ports  on  Lake  Michigan?  On  Lake  Superior  ?  2.  On 
what  watSl's  are  steamboats  employed  ?  3.  Xame  the  principal 
railroad  systems  and  their  termini.  4.  How  many  separate  rail- 
roads in  Wisconsin  ?  Their  total  length  ?  5.  What  narrow- 
gauge  roads  in  Wisconsin  ? 

POPULATION,    CITIES,    ETC. 

1.  What  was  the  population  of  Wisconsin  in  1870  ?    In  1875  ? 

2.  What    nationalities    are    represented,   and    to    what    extent? 

3.  What  are  the  leading  manufactures  of  Milwaukee  ?  4. 
Xame  ten  largest  cities  in  the  order  of  their  size.  5.  Xame  the 
important  lumbering  towns  of  the  State.  C.  What  places  in  the 
State  are  famous  summer  resorts  ?  7.  At  what  places  are  nornnil 
schools  located  ?  Colleges  ?  Benevolent  institutions  ?  8.  What 
towns  have  woolen  mills  ?    Paper  mills  ? 

COUNTIES. 

1.  How  many  counties  in  Wisconsin  ?  2.  What  county  lies  at 
the  centre  of  the  State  ?  3.  What  ones  constitute  the  southern 
tier  ?  4.  What  ones  border  on  Lake  Michigan  ?  Ou  Lake  Supe- 
rior ?  5.  What  ones  lie  along  the  Mississippi  ?  6.  In  what 
county  is  the  capital  of  the  State  ?  7.  Whicli  is  the  largest  county? 
The  smallest  ?  8.  Which  is  the  most  populous  county  ?  Tiie 
least  populous  ?  9.  What  counties  are  not  yet  touched  by  any 
railroad  ?  10.  In  what  ones  is  lead  found  ?  Iron  ?  11.  What 
ones  lie  along  the  Wisconsin  River  ?  Along  the  St.  Croix  ?  12. 
In  what  counties  does  the  Penokee  Range  lie  ?  13.  What  ones 
contain  old  French  settlements  ? 

Note. — The  teacher  should  prepare  similar  questions  upon  the  government 
and  hislory  of  the  State. 


TOPICAL    REVIEWS   OF   THE   STATE. 

I.  The  teacher  may  require  the  pupils  to  draw  a  map  of  the  State,  locating  its  counties,  principal  lakes,  rivers,  cities,  and  towns.  This  they  may  do 
at  home,  submitting  it  the  following  day  at  school  for  inspection. 

II.  Each  pupil  may  draw  a  map  of  his  own  county,  and  write  a  description  of  it,  similar  to  that  prepared  on  the  State. 

III.  The  pupils  may  prepare  written  exercises  on  tlio  following  topics,  and  submit  them  to  the  teacher  or  .school  commissiomi .  wiin  may  finm  the 
same  test  tlieir  knowledge  of  the  subjects  they  have  written  about,  by  an  oral  examination.  The  pupil  shoidd  let  the  name  of  the  subject  begin  the 
description  or  answer,  as  shown  in  the  preceding  pages,  and  underline  it,  thus  readily  suggesting  the  questions  to  the  examiner. 

TOPICS   OR    HEADS   OF   SUBJECTS. 

Wisconsin.— Position.— Size.— Surface.— Scenery.— Rivers.— Lakes.— Soil  and  .\griculturc.— Its  five  .ending  Agricultural  Products.— Luml>cr.— Wool. 
— Minerals.— Manufactures. — Commerce.— Rrilroads.— llarboi-s. —Government.— ICduoation.— Schools. — rolleLres.— Distinguishid  Men  of  (he  State.— 
Principal  Events.— Milwaukee.— Madison.— The  City,  town,  or  village  you  live  in  or  near. 


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